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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of complement proteins in the innate immune response?
What is the primary function of complement proteins in the innate immune response?
- To directly kill virally infected cells
- To release antibodies specific to pathogens
- To induce cytotoxicity of foreign organisms (correct)
- To act as signaling molecules to boost adaptive immunity
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
- Pathogen presence (correct)
- Rubor (redness)
What type of immunity is characterized by a highly specialized defense against one pathogen at a time, potentially taking up to a week to activate?
What type of immunity is characterized by a highly specialized defense against one pathogen at a time, potentially taking up to a week to activate?
- Adaptive immunity (correct)
- Innate immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Humoral immunity
Which cells are the predominant phagocytic cells in innate immunity?
Which cells are the predominant phagocytic cells in innate immunity?
Which structures are involved in lymphocyte development and maturation?
Which structures are involved in lymphocyte development and maturation?
Which type of lymphoid tissue is associated with mucosal immune responses?
Which type of lymphoid tissue is associated with mucosal immune responses?
What is a key characteristic of the adaptive immune response compared to innate immunity?
What is a key characteristic of the adaptive immune response compared to innate immunity?
During infection, how do mature lymphocytes return to the bloodstream from secondary organs?
During infection, how do mature lymphocytes return to the bloodstream from secondary organs?
What type of glycoproteins are interferon cytokines and what is their primary role?
What type of glycoproteins are interferon cytokines and what is their primary role?
Which type of hemopoietic stem cell lineage gives rise to lymphocytes?
Which type of hemopoietic stem cell lineage gives rise to lymphocytes?
Which component is NOT part of the innate immune system's physical barriers to infection?
Which component is NOT part of the innate immune system's physical barriers to infection?
What is the primary purpose of vaccination or immunization?
What is the primary purpose of vaccination or immunization?
Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?
Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?
What role do phagocyte cell lysosomes play in innate immunity?
What role do phagocyte cell lysosomes play in innate immunity?
Which of the following statements about antibodies is correct?
Which of the following statements about antibodies is correct?
Which feature of the adaptive immune system differentiates it from innate immunity?
Which feature of the adaptive immune system differentiates it from innate immunity?
What is the role of antigenic determinants in immune responses?
What is the role of antigenic determinants in immune responses?
Which of the following is the main function of hydrochloric acid in innate immunity?
Which of the following is the main function of hydrochloric acid in innate immunity?
Which characteristic is not associated with adaptive immunity?
Which characteristic is not associated with adaptive immunity?
What distinguishes T-cell receptors from immunoglobulins?
What distinguishes T-cell receptors from immunoglobulins?
Which of the following statements about the spleen is false?
Which of the following statements about the spleen is false?
Which feature of adaptive immunity allows for a more rapid and robust response upon re-exposure to the same antigen?
Which feature of adaptive immunity allows for a more rapid and robust response upon re-exposure to the same antigen?
Which of the following best describes an antigen?
Which of the following best describes an antigen?
Study Notes
Immunology Overview
- Immunology studies physiological mechanisms that protect against invading microorganisms.
- The immune system comprises cells and humoral factors that defend the body from infections.
Triumphs of Immunology
- Protective Immunity: Achieved through vaccination or immunization, preventing severe diseases via prior exposure to attenuated pathogens.
- Tissue and Organ Transplantation: Involves bone marrow transplants and the use of immunosuppression to prevent rejection.
- Antibody Diagnostics and Therapeutics: Utilizes antibodies for disease diagnosis and treatment.
Elements of the Immune System
- Innate Immunity: Passive immunity involving physical barriers, various cells, and soluble factors.
- Adaptive Immunity: Acquired immunity that includes cell-mediated and humoral responses.
Infectious Organisms
- Pathogen: Any organism capable of causing disease.
- Opportunistic Pathogen: Infections that occur when an individual's defenses are weakened.
Physical Barriers to Infection
- Skin and Mucosal Surfaces: Comprises layers of keratinized cells and mucus containing lysozyme, providing the first line of defense.
- Ciliated Epithelial Cells: Present in the lungs to help trap and expel pathogens.
Innate Immunity: Soluble Factors
- Bactericidal Factors: Include hydrochloric acid from stomach cells and superoxide production from phagocytes.
- Complement Proteins: Serum glycoproteins activated during innate response to induce cytotoxic effects on pathogens.
- Interferon Cytokines: Released by virus-infected cells, these small glycoproteins help combat viral infections.
Inflammatory Response
- Characterized by five cardinal signs:
- Rubor (redness)
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Functio-laesia (loss of function)
Adaptive Immunity
- Activated when the innate response is overwhelmed.
- Involves white blood cells (lymphocytes) and is tailored to respond to specific pathogens.
- Utilizes highly specialized receptors coded by genes for unique antigen recognition.
Leukocytes: Cells of the Immune System
- Derive from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, leading to lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineages.
Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Primary Lymphoid Organs: Bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes develop and mature.
- Secondary Lymphoid Tissues: Include spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches, where activated lymphocytes respond to pathogens.
Principal Lymphoid Tissues
- GALT: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, encompassing tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer’s patches.
- BALT: Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue, less organized aggregates.
- MALT: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.
Lymphatics and Lymph Node Function
- Lymphatics collect extracellular fluid from connective tissues and return it to venous circulation.
- Mature lymphocytes recirculate through lymphatics to effectively respond to pathogens in secondary organs.
Adaptive Immunity Specifics
- Immunoglobulin (Ig): Proteins produced by B-lymphocytes that bind to and neutralize foreign substances.
- T-cell Receptors (TCRs): Recognize antigens specifically and are found exclusively on T-cells.
Antigen Characteristics
- Antigen (Ag): Any substance capable of eliciting a specific immune response.
- An antigenic determinant (epitope) is the specific part of the antigen recognized by TCRs and Igs.
Key Attributes of Adaptive Immunity
- Specificity: Reacts to distinct antigens.
- Memory: Remembers encounters; future responses are faster and stronger.
- Amplification: Clonal expansion of lymphocytes upon encounter with an antigen.
- Modulation: Switching of antibody isotypes in response to changing immune challenges.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of the immune system in this Pharmacy 310 quiz. Delve into the physiological mechanisms and cells involved in defending the body against infections. Test your understanding of immunology and the triumphs achieved in this vital field.
