Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Diseases
38 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of antimicrobial selection in pharmacotherapy?

  • To solely focus on the cost-effectiveness of treatment
  • To make the correct diagnosis and do no harm (correct)
  • To prescribe the newest antibiotic on the market
  • To achieve the highest possible profit margin

    • What percentage of the course assessment is dedicated to group presentations?

  • 0%
  • 30%
  • 20%
  • 10% (correct)

    • What is the duration of each group presentation in the course?

  • 30 minutes
  • 15 minutes (correct)
  • 20 minutes
  • 10 minutes

    • What is the total number of groups for the presentation assignment?

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the course assessment is dedicated to the final examination?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of assignments in the course assessment?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of discussing 'Monitoring effectiveness & safety' in pharmacotherapy?

    <p>To identify potential adverse effects and adjust treatment accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason correct selection, use, and monitoring of antibiotics is important in pharmacotherapy?

    <p>To ensure effective treatment and minimize harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the goals of antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>To limit harm by minimizing patient risk for adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an exogenous infection?

    <p>Human-to-human transmission of a bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should bacterial cultures be obtained prior to initiating antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>To identify the causative organism and determine its antimicrobial susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a non-microbiologic laboratory study used in the diagnosis of infections?

    <p>Complete Blood Count (CBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible presentation of a patient with an overwhelming infection?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an endogenous infection?

    <p>Infection caused by alteration in one's own normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using fever as a diagnostic criterion for infection?

    <p>It can be caused by non-infectious etiologies, such as medications and trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of imaging studies, such as radiographs, CT, and MRI, in the diagnosis of infections?

    <p>To determine anatomic localization of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common location for Tinea pedis to occur?

    <p>Feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is NOT a 2nd line treatment for Tinea pedis?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor associated with increased colonization rates of C. albicans?

    <p>Broad-spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of HIV positive patients experience oropharyngeal candidiasis?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When selecting an antimicrobial regimen, what should be considered in terms of the drug's properties?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of oropharyngeal candidiasis?

    <p>Whitish thick patches on the mouth, tongue, and gums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key goal of de-escalation of antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>To discontinue antibiotics that are providing a spectrum of activity greater than necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is candidal colonization at its highest levels?

    <p>At the extremes of ages (neonates and people older than 65 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of oropharyngeal candidiasis?

    <p>Retrosternal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in patient education regarding antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>The importance of completing the full treatment course and potential adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a topical treatment for oropharyngeal candidiasis?

    <p>Clotrimazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason why antimicrobial therapy may fail?

    <p>Inadequate diagnosis resulting in poor initial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored during antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Clinical response, adverse effects, imaging, and lab data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the anatomic location of the infection when selecting an antimicrobial regimen?

    <p>To ensure the antibiotic reaches the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when antimicrobial therapy fails?

    <p>Consider alternative non-infectious diagnosis and reevaluate for sources of untreated infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of switching from IV to oral antibiotics?

    <p>It reduces costs and facilitates outpatient treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of STIs?

    <p>Through sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic HIV infection on the body's immune system?

    <p>It depletes CD4 cells, making the body susceptible to infections and tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of HIV among adults globally?

    <p>0.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who have achieved viral suppression?

    <p>92%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of women among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ghana?

    <p>67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of STIs on the baby during pregnancy?

    <p>Neurologic problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PHARMACOTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

    • Course outline: Antimicrobial selection, skin infections, STIs
    • Assessment:
      • Assignments: 10%
      • Interim assessments: 30%
      • Examination: 60%
      • Group presentations: 15 groups of 4-5 people each, 15 minutes per group

    ANTMIORBIAL REGIMEN SELECTION

    • Guiding principles:
      • Correct diagnosis
      • Do no harm!
    • Goals of antimicrobial therapy:
      • Cure the patient's infection
      • Limit harm by minimizing patient risk for adverse effects
      • Limit societal risk from antimicrobial-resistant bacteria

    ETIOLOGY OF INFECTIONS

    • Nosocomial infections
    • Community-acquired infections
    • Endogenous infections: arise from alteration in one's own normal flora
    • Exogenous infections: acquired from an external source

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    • Normal flora: alteration in one's own normal flora can lead to infection
    • Disruption of host defenses (e.g., immunocompromise)

    CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS

    • Physical examination: fever
    • Imaging studies: to determine anatomic localization of infection
    • Non-microbiologic laboratory studies: WBC, ESR, CRP
    • Microbiologic studies: culture, bacterial cultures should be obtained prior to initiating antimicrobial therapy
    • Fever:
      • A rise in temperature arising as part of the overall host response to microbial toxins
      • Non-specific sign
      • May also be caused by medications, trauma, or other medical conditions
      • Some patients with infections may present with hypothermia or be afebrile

    TREATMENT

    • Considerations for selecting antimicrobial regimens:
      • Drug-specific factors (spectrum of activity, dosing, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, adverse effect potential, drug-interaction potential)
      • Patient-specific factors (anatomic location of infection, antimicrobial history, drug allergy history, renal and hepatic function, age, pregnancy or lactation, compliance potential)
    • De-escalation of antimicrobial therapy based on culture results
    • Discontinuation of antibiotics that are providing a spectrum of activity greater than necessary to treat the infection
    • Switching to a narrower spectrum antibiotic once a patient is clinically stable

    OUTCOME EVALUATION

    • Patient education
    • Monitoring:
      • Clinical response and adverse effects
      • Efficacy: vital signs, clinical findings, physical exam findings
      • Toxicity: adverse effects
      • Imaging: repeat diagnostic testing as needed
      • Lab data: WBC, follow-up on C/S tests

    FAILURE OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY

    • Causes:
      • Inadequate diagnosis resulting in poor initial therapy
      • Inadequate antimicrobial regimen
      • Inadequate duration of therapy
      • Development of resistance
      • Presence of untreated infections
    • Consider alternative non-infectious diagnosis

    CANDIDIASIS

    • Candida albicans: cause infections particularly in warm and moist areas of the body
    • Factors associated with increased colonization rates of C. albicans:
      • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
      • Diabetes mellitus
      • Systemic corticosteroid treatment
      • Hematological malignancies and solid tumors
      • Severe traumas and burns
      • Premature birth
    • Epidemiology:
      • 3 out of 4 women have at least one bout of vulvovaginal candidiasis in their lifetime
      • More than 90% of HIV-positive patients experience oropharyngeal candidiasis
      • Candidal colonization is at the highest levels during the extremes of ages, in neonates and people older than 65 years

    STIs

    • Infections that are transmitted from person to person through sexual contact
    • Causative organisms are transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal or other body fluids
    • Common STIs: gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis, herpes simplex, HIV/AIDS
    • Effects on baby:
      • Low birth weight
      • Neurologic problems
      • Eye infection, blindness
    • Non-sexual transfer can occur through:
      • Vertical transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or after birth
      • Blood transfusions
      • Organ transplants
      • Shared needles or syringes

    HIV/AIDS

    • Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
    • A retrovirus with a strong affinity for CD4 receptor protein found predominantly on cells of the immune system
    • Over time, chronic infection depletes these cells, leaving the body susceptible to infections and tumors
    • Progressive deterioration in cellular immune response leads to symptomatic disease and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
    • Transmission of HIV:
      • Sexual contact
      • Vertical transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or after birth
      • Blood transfusions
      • Organ transplants
      • Shared needles or syringes
    • Global AIDS statistics:
      • Prevalence is 0.7% among adults
      • 39 million people living with AIDS (1.5 million are children)
      • 2/3 of PLWHA live in Africa
      • 630,000 people died of HIV-related illnesses
      • 85% are aware of their status
      • 75% are accessing treatment
      • 92% have viral suppression
    • Ghana AIDS statistics:
      • Adult prevalence is 1.6%
      • >354,000 people living with AIDS
      • 67% are women
      • 8% are children

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Diseases PHMD 352 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers antimicrobial selection, skin infections, STIs, and discussion points for diseases, including aetiology, epidemiology, and interventions.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser