Pharmacology: Statins and Beta Blockers
58 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary action of anticoagulants?

  • Enhance fibrin formation.
  • Inhibit the action of various clotting factors. (correct)
  • Increase the viscosity of blood.
  • Stimulate platelet aggregation.

    • What effect do antiplatelet drugs like aspirin have on platelets?

  • Increase platelet count.
  • Shorten platelet lifespan.
  • Alter platelet shape.
  • Inhibit platelet aggregation. (correct)

    • What is the primary adverse effect associated with anticoagulants?

  • Bleeding. (correct)
  • Nausea.
  • Dizziness.
  • Hypertension.

    • Which of the following statements about statin medications is accurate?

    <p>They can lead to muscle pain and weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of loop diuretics in patient treatment?

    <p>Remove excess fluid from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angioedema is a known adverse effect of which drug class?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nitrates alleviate angina pain?

    <p>By dilating blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for calcineurin inhibitors?

    <p>Act as an immunomodulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix is commonly associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

    <p>-pril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant adverse effect of retinoids?

    <p>Teratogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drug uses aPTT for monitoring?

    <p>Anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of vitamin D analogues?

    <p>Plaque psoriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of steroids used in dermatology?

    <p>They should be used sparingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of antifungal medications?

    <p>Acting as antimycotic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is common with calcineurin inhibitors?

    <p>Skin irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does NOT use aPTT for monitoring?

    <p>Antiplatelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for cholinergic drugs used to treat glaucoma?

    <p>Stimulate parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of topical anesthetics for eye pain?

    <p>Burning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs primarily reduces the formation of aqueous humor in the treatment of glaucoma?

    <p>B-adrenergic blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medications should not be used for minor abrasions or wounds due to their immunosuppressant effect?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT an ocular anti-inflammatory medication?

    <p>Tetracaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect associated with prolonged use of corticosteroids?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocular drug class specifically targets increased intraocular pressure by improving fluid drainage?

    <p>Prostaglandin agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism of action for ocular antibiotics?

    <p>Prevent antibiotic resistance from systemic use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition do anti-inflammatory drugs treat in the ocular system?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is NOT typically associated with antihistamines used in the ocular system?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a statin?

    <p>Simvastatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of beta blockers?

    <p>Wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angioedema is associated with which class of drugs?

    <p>ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of angiotensin 2 receptor blockers?

    <p>Block vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diuretic is most commonly associated with potassium-wasting?

    <p>Furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conditions are CNS stimulants primarily used to treat?

    <p>ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored closely in children taking thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consideration for prescribing CNS stimulants?

    <p>They should not be prescribed to individuals with cardiac abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do CNS stimulants use to increase norepinephrine and dopamine levels?

    <p>They increase their release and block their reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix indicates a drug belongs to the class of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>'pril'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with diuretics?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with the use of phenytoin?

    <p>Hepatic failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a calcium channel blocker?

    <p>Verapamil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when administering anti-epileptic drugs?

    <p>Suddenly stopping the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of prolonged use of loop diuretics?

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a correct definition of a seizure?

    <p>Excessive discharge of neurons in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a convulsion?

    <p>Involuntary spasmodic muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do vasodilators like hydralazine primarily utilize?

    <p>Vascular smooth muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way that antiepileptic drugs work?

    <p>Enhance the reuptake of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a potential effect of beta blockers that may mask a clinical sign?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment use for ARBs?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid drugs?

    <p>Bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is most commonly associated with opioid use?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is categorized as an NSAID?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aspirin differ from other NSAIDs?

    <p>It irreversibly inhibits COX receptors in platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern when using acetaminophen in older adults?

    <p>Reduced hepatic and renal clearance leading to toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common effect do benzodiazepines have?

    <p>Reduce anxiety and excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix is typically associated with benzodiazepines?

    <p>pam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of mixing different CNS depressants?

    <p>Potential for overdose and respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is codeine contraindicated in children?

    <p>Children are often under-dosed, leading to ineffective treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding muscle relaxants?

    <p>They primarily exert their action at the spinal cord level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Statins

    • Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors
    • Examples: Simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin
    • Notice the "statin" suffix
    • Reduce the production of cholesterol
    • Common side effects: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, myopathy (muscle weakness), skin rashes, myalgia (muscle pain)
    • Lifespan considerations: Contraindicated in pregnant or breastfeeding women or those under 10 years of age.
    • Use caution with older adults: Increased risk of myopathy (muscle weakness)

    Beta Blockers

    • Used for hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and dysrhythmias
    • Block beta1 receptors in the heart, slowing conduction and reducing myocardial contractility
    • Contraindicated in decompensated heart failure and serious conduction disturbances; can cause block of beta 2 blockers
    • Used with caution in patients with asthma
    • Can mask tachycardia
    • Side effects: hypotension, bradycardia, dizziness, fatigue, wheezing, dyspnea
    • Examples: Atenolol, labetalol, metoprolol
    • Notice the "olol" suffix

    ACE inhibitors

    • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
    • Blocks the production of salt and water in the nephron
    • Blocks the conversion of Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II
    • Prevents/stops the vasoconstriction of Angiotensin and the absorption of sodium and water by inhibiting aldosterone secretion
    • Used in hypertension, heart failure, and post-myocardial infarction (MI)
    • Also protective of the kidney
    • Examples: captopril, lisinopril, ramipril (all end in "pril")
    • CANNOT GIVE IV
    • Suffix: "pril"
    • Most ACE inhibitors are prodrugs
    • Side effects: fatigue, dizziness, headaches, dry cough, hypotension, hyperkalemia, angioedema
    • Angioedema: rare but potentially fatal side effect (swelling beneath the skin, unlike hives, which are on the top of the skin)

    ARB (Angiotensin II receptor blocker)

    • Also works on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
    • MOA: Blocks angiotensin II at the receptor site
    • Examples: losartan, candesartan, telmisartan
    • Notice the "sartan" suffix
    • Blocks vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone
    • Does not cause cough
    • Indications: hypertension; adjunctive for heart failure
    • Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation; caution in older adults and renal dysfunction
    • Side effects: headache, dizziness, fatigue; hyperkalemia much less likely

    Calcium Channel Blockers

    • 3 classes within
    • Calcium is used in the process of triggering heart and vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Blocking calcium channels prevents muscle contraction and relaxes smooth muscle; causes arterial dilation
    • Slows the SA node, decreases conduction through the AV node
    • Indications: angina, hypertension, some dysrhythmias, migraine headaches, and Raynaud's disease
    • Contraindications: acute MI, some heart blocks
    • Side effects: peripheral edema, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, arrhythmias
    • Examples: Diltizem (benzothiazepine), amlodipine (dihydropyridine), verapamil (phenylalkylamine)

    Diuretics

    • Used for the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, and fluid overload
    • Different categories within this class: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
    • Loop diuretics: most common is furosemide; blocks water and sodium resorption; thought to activate kidney prostaglandins which cause vasodilation systemically; prolonged use can cause ototoxicity (tinnitus, hearing loss); side effects: hypokalemia (potassium wasting), dizziness, dehydration, and other electrolyte imbalances; gives off potassium.
    • Potassium-sparing diuretics: spironolactone most common; competitively binds with aldosterone receptors, blocks sodium and water resorption; not as strong as thiazide and loop diuretics; Side effects: dizziness, headaches, cramps, hyperkalemia, urinary frequency, and weakness.
    • Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide most common; inhibits reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride; also relaxes arterioles; efficacy of the drug decreases with decreasing kidney function —contraindicated in severe kidney failure; side effects: dizziness, headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

    Vasodilators

    • Work directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause relaxation
    • Most common is hydralazine

    Angina

    • Nitroglycerin is the most common
    • Dilates all blood vessels by relaxing vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Very potent effect on coronary arteries
    • Contraindicated in severe head injury, hypotension, severe anemia, inferior myocardial infarction, and simultaneous use of ED medications
    • Vasodilation that occurs too rapidly can cause reflex tachycardia (overcompensation)

    Heart Failure

    • Heart is unable to effectively pump blood (right sided, left sided, both)
    • Common symptoms include peripheral edema and shortness of breath
    • Common treatment classes include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, and nitroglycerin

    Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin)

    • Some of the oldest drugs; synthesized from foxglove (digitalis) – digoxin
    • Reduces heart rate and increases contractility (positive inotropic, negative chronotropic)
    • Prolonged rest between beats
    • Side effects: bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, arrhythmia
    • Signs of toxicity: headache, confusion, colored vision, halo vision, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
    • Low therapeutic index; drug levels need to be monitored

    Dysrhythmias

    • Many different heart rhythms
    • Huge category
    • Most common: atrial fibrillation (a-fib)
    • You will most commonly see beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and blood thinners

    Electrolytes

    • Chemical compounds that dissociate into ions in water
    • Conduct electrical current
    • Electrolytes include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pharmacology Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to statins and beta blockers, including their mechanisms of action, common side effects, and contraindications. Test your knowledge on these essential pharmacological agents used in cardiovascular health.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser