Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of pharmacodynamics in pharmacology?
What is the primary role of pharmacodynamics in pharmacology?
- Analyzing the excretion pathways of drugs
- Examining drug distribution in the body
- Studying the absorption of drugs
- Understanding the interactions between living systems and foreign chemicals (correct)
Which of the following factors is NOT considered in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered in pharmacokinetics?
- Onset of drug action
- Site of excretion
- Drug half-life
- Chemical structure of the drug (correct)
What can lead to the loss of effectiveness of certain drugs when they are put into solution?
What can lead to the loss of effectiveness of certain drugs when they are put into solution?
- Shelf stability
- Photosensitivity
- Chemical instability (correct)
- Temperature control
Where does biotransformation of drugs primarily occur in the body?
Where does biotransformation of drugs primarily occur in the body?
Which of the following actions is a result of drug interaction in pharmacodynamics?
Which of the following actions is a result of drug interaction in pharmacodynamics?
What initial drug options are suitable for treating cardiovascular issues based on the recommendation?
What initial drug options are suitable for treating cardiovascular issues based on the recommendation?
Which of the following constitutes a non-pharmacologic approach to managing cardiovascular health?
Which of the following constitutes a non-pharmacologic approach to managing cardiovascular health?
Which drug should be prioritized for recurrent stroke prevention?
Which drug should be prioritized for recurrent stroke prevention?
When managing chronic kidney disease, what is the suggested course of action?
When managing chronic kidney disease, what is the suggested course of action?
For which condition are beta-blockers primarily recommended as a treatment option?
For which condition are beta-blockers primarily recommended as a treatment option?
What is a common drug class recommended for compelling indications based on clinical trials?
What is a common drug class recommended for compelling indications based on clinical trials?
What is recommended as an additional medication in Step 4 to enhance treatment?
What is recommended as an additional medication in Step 4 to enhance treatment?
Which of the following is NOT considered a class of antihypertensive drugs?
Which of the following is NOT considered a class of antihypertensive drugs?
What is the quantity in milligrams (mg) for 1.25 grams (g)?
What is the quantity in milligrams (mg) for 1.25 grams (g)?
If you have 520 cc, how many liters (L) do you have?
If you have 520 cc, how many liters (L) do you have?
How many minims are in 2 gtts (drops)?
How many minims are in 2 gtts (drops)?
What is the correct conversion for ½ cup in cubic centimeters (cc)?
What is the correct conversion for ½ cup in cubic centimeters (cc)?
If you need to convert 2 T (tablespoons) to drams, how many drams do you have?
If you need to convert 2 T (tablespoons) to drams, how many drams do you have?
What dosage of Digoxin would be given if the order is for 0.5 mg and the stock is 0.25 mg/ml?
What dosage of Digoxin would be given if the order is for 0.5 mg and the stock is 0.25 mg/ml?
Which of the following is a long-acting insulin?
Which of the following is a long-acting insulin?
What is the formula to estimate the dosage of a medication?
What is the formula to estimate the dosage of a medication?
Which ACE inhibitor should be taken on an empty stomach?
Which ACE inhibitor should be taken on an empty stomach?
What side effect should prompt a patient to notify their provider while on ACE inhibitors?
What side effect should prompt a patient to notify their provider while on ACE inhibitors?
How often should a patient's WBC count be monitored when they are on ACE inhibitors?
How often should a patient's WBC count be monitored when they are on ACE inhibitors?
What can occur if potassium supplements are taken with certain ACE inhibitors?
What can occur if potassium supplements are taken with certain ACE inhibitors?
Why should patients avoid NSAIDs while taking ACE inhibitors?
Why should patients avoid NSAIDs while taking ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
What is indicated by a high WBC count in a patient taking ACE inhibitors?
What is indicated by a high WBC count in a patient taking ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following medications is not classified as an ACE inhibitor?
Which of the following medications is not classified as an ACE inhibitor?
What is the primary focus of clinical pharmacology?
What is the primary focus of clinical pharmacology?
Which term is synonymous with pharmacotherapeutics?
Which term is synonymous with pharmacotherapeutics?
Which property is considered the most important for a drug?
Which property is considered the most important for a drug?
How is a safe drug defined?
How is a safe drug defined?
Which of the following best describes selectivity in drugs?
Which of the following best describes selectivity in drugs?
What does pharmacology encompass?
What does pharmacology encompass?
Which Greek word does 'pharmacology' derive from, and what does it mean?
Which Greek word does 'pharmacology' derive from, and what does it mean?
What is meant by pharmacotherapy?
What is meant by pharmacotherapy?
What defines a drug in pharmacology?
What defines a drug in pharmacology?
What is the role of pharmacokinetics in pharmacology?
What is the role of pharmacokinetics in pharmacology?
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Study Notes
Clinical Pharmacology
- Pharmacology studies drugs' effects on living organisms, encompassing various drug interactions and their biological impacts.
- Therapeutics, also called pharmacotherapeutics, involves using drugs for diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases, including pregnancy prevention.
Drugs Definition and Properties
- Drugs are chemicals introduced into the body to induce change, beneficial or harmful.
- Ideal drugs possess several properties:
- Effectiveness: Must elicit desired responses; effectiveness is paramount.
- Safety: Defined as drugs that do not cause harm even at high doses or with prolonged use.
- Selectivity: An ideal drug should only produce the intended therapeutic effects without unwanted interactions.
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics: Explores how drugs interact at the cellular level, including potential drug actions like stimulating or suppressing cellular activities.
- Pharmacokinetics: Involves studying drug absorption, distribution, metabolism (in the liver), and excretion (via kidneys). Parameters include onset of action, half-life, peak effects, and duration of action.
Common Drug Classes and Recommendations
- Cardiovascular Drugs:
- Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet agents: prevent blood clots.
- ACE Inhibitors: used for hypertension and heart failure.
- Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs): alternative to ACE inhibitors.
- Beta Blockers: manage heart failure and after myocardial infarction.
- Diuretics: used in heart failure and hypertension treatment.
Clinical Application Steps for Drug Treatment
- Initial selection of a drug class based on clinical indications, followed by dose adjustments, additions, or substitutions as needed.
Insulin Types and Management
- Fast-Acting Insulin: Regular, semilente, Humalog.
- Intermediate-Acting Insulin: Lente, NPH.
- Long-Acting Insulin: Ultra lente, Lantus.
- Appearance: Clear types include regular and Humalog; Lantus is also clear, while NPH is cloudy.
- Important to not shake insulin syringes and administer in the correct order.
Medication Administration and Calculation
- Use of formulas to calculate dosages:
- Desired/Have x Quantity = Amount to give.
- Accurate measurement is crucial for solids and liquids.
Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors
- Common side effects include:
- Cough: Due to changes in angiotensin conversion in the lungs.
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
- Headache, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia.
- High WBC count may indicate infection; monitor and notify providers if signs appear.
Important Notes
- It is imperative to verify medication orders to avoid legal liability from administering incorrect dosages.
- Avoid NSAIDs with ACE inhibitors to prevent antagonistic effects and monitor for hyperkalemia if taken with potassium supplements.
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