Pharmacology Quiz: Controlled Substances Act
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary goal of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970?

  • To eliminate the production and sale of all illegal drugs in the United States.
  • To encourage the development of new drugs for treatment of drug dependence.
  • To establish a system for tracking and monitoring all prescription drugs.
  • To regulate the manufacturing and distribution of controlled substances. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA)?

  • Establishing treatment and rehabilitation facilities.
  • Classifying controlled substances based on their potential for abuse.
  • Enforcing stricter regulations on the manufacturing of inhalers. (correct)
  • Promoting drug education and research.

    • What does the term "schedule" refer to in the context of the Controlled Substances Act?

  • A timeframe for drug testing and approval.
  • A system for tracking the distribution of prescription drugs.
  • A categorization of controlled substances based on their potential for abuse. (correct)
  • A list of approved drug manufacturers.

    • Which of the following was likely escalating in the years before the Controlled Substances Act was passed?

    <p>The problem of drug abuse and addiction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the FDA in relation to drugs?

    <p>To ensure the safety and effectiveness of all drugs before they are marketed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptor families are found within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that bind to a receptor and activate it, producing a response, are called:

    <p>Agonists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a factor influencing drug effects?

    <p>Patient's blood type (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these receptor families is known to be associated with rapid activation?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels (A), Enzyme-linked receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential factor influencing drug effects not specifically mentioned in the text?

    <p>Patient adherence to medication regimen (A), Drug interactions (B), Individual genetic variations (C), Environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is mentioned as a potential cause of kidney damage?

    <p>Gentamicin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason patients should never keep excess antibiotics in their medicine cabinet?

    <p>To prevent accidental ingestion by children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What practice is recommended for healthcare professionals to minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Following good infection prevention and control procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common side effect of antibiotics, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "prophylactic" mean in the context of antibiotic use?

    <p>Used to prevent the spread of infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial factor that clinicians must consider when prescribing antibiotics?

    <p>The appropriate amount needed to cure the infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for recommending patients dispose of excess antibiotics?

    <p>To prevent misuse by others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antibiotic therapy?

    <p>Increased blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antiviral drugs?

    <p>Interfere with viral replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs?

    <p>They inhibit viral nucleic acid synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to treat malaria based on the specific type of Plasmodium?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding antimalarial drugs is true?

    <p>Synthetic antimalarial drugs are safer and more effective than quinine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of quinine in the history of malaria treatment?

    <p>Quinine was the only effective antimalarial drug for over 120 years. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not mentioned as a classroom rule in the provided content?

    <p>Always wear a uniform. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided content, what is the maximum grace period for tardiness?

    <p>15 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions would be considered a violation of classroom rules based on the provided content?

    <p>Attending a quiz outside of University premises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the provided content?

    <p>To outline the classroom rules and regulations for Nursing Pharmacology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is true about the content's organization?

    <p>It is a brief document outlining basic classroom rules and regulations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of drugs?

    <p>Minerals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a loading dose?

    <p>To quickly achieve a therapeutic effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a key factor in the creation of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938?

    <p>To ensure the efficacy of all marketed drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a key factor in the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) role in drug safety?

    <p>Developing new drugs to address unmet medical needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A loading dose of a medication is typically administered in which of the following ways?

    <p>Single large dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 primarily addressed which of these concerns?

    <p>The safety and quality of drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'minimum effective concentration' in pharmacology?

    <p>The amount of drug needed to produce the desired therapeutic effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the purpose of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938?

    <p>To ensure the safety and quality of manufactured drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Copyright Permission

    Permission required to use copyrighted materials legally.

    Nursing Pharmacology

    The study of drug effects and their therapeutic use in nursing.

    Classroom Rules

    Guidelines to maintain order and respect in the classroom.

    Exam Protocols

    Requirements regarding taking exams in the university setting.

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    Class Preparedness

    The expectation for students to come ready to learn.

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    FDA Responsibilities

    The FDA ensures drugs are tested for safety, have accurate labels, and provide information on adverse effects.

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    Controlled Substances Act

    The 1970 Act aimed to address drug abuse with education, enforcement, treatment, and scheduling of substances.

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    Drug Education Promotion

    Part of the CSA focusing on increasing knowledge about drugs and preventing dependence.

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    Drug Enforcement Authority

    The CSA strengthened enforcement agencies' power to combat drug abuse and trafficking.

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    Controlled Substances Scheduling

    The categorization of drugs based on their potential for abuse according to the CSA.

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    Loading Dose

    A large initial dose of a drug to achieve rapid plasma levels.

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    Sources of Drugs

    The origins of medications: plants, synthetics, and animals.

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    Plant Sources

    Medications derived from herbs and other plants.

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    Synthetic Sources

    Man-made drugs created through chemical processes.

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    Animal Sources

    Medications obtained from animal products or tissues.

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    Drug Approval Process

    The method by which drugs become permitted for use in healthcare.

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    Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

    Legislation that allows the FDA to regulate drug safety.

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    FDA

    The Food and Drug Administration, monitors drug safety and regulation.

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    Antiviral Drugs

    Medications that prevent or delay viral infections by inhibiting viral replication and nucleic acid synthesis.

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    Viral Replication

    The process by which viruses reproduce and spread within host cells.

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    Antimalarial Drugs

    Medications used to treat malaria by targeting specific types of Plasmodium in their life cycle.

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    Quinine

    The first known antimalarial drug, used since the 1820s until the 1940s, derived from cinchona bark.

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    Synthetic Antimalarials

    Modern man-made antimalarial drugs developed to be as effective as quinine with fewer side effects.

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    Nuclear Receptors

    Receptors found in the cell nucleus that activate transcription factors.

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    Agonists

    Drugs that produce a response in the body.

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    Antagonists

    Drugs that block responses in the body.

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    Factors Influencing Drug Effects

    Elements such as weight, age, and gender that affect how drugs work.

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    Pathological Factors

    Health conditions that can influence drug response.

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    Antibiotic Use

    Antibiotics must be taken exactly as prescribed to be effective.

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    Excess Medications

    Patients should dispose of unused antibiotics correctly.

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    Prophylactic Use

    Antibiotics should not be used preventively unless prescribed.

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    Good Infection Control

    Healthcare workers must implement strict infection prevention measures.

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    Kidney Damage

    Kidney damage can occur from antibiotics like aminoglycosides.

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    Gastrointestinal Toxicity

    Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain.

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    Aminoglycosides

    A class of antibiotics that can cause kidney damage.

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    Antibiotic Adverse Reactions

    Potential negative effects when taking antibiotics include kidney damage and gastrointestinal issues.

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    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course: Nursing Pharmacology
    • School Year: 2023-2024 (2nd Semester)
    • Professor: Gerald M. Pagdanganan, RPh, MSc, LPT

    General Objectives

    • Students will demonstrate understanding of Nursing Pharmacology applied to disease prevention, treatment, and nursing interventions.

    Course Study Guide

    • Planning: Prioritize tasks, use a to-do list and schedule.
    • Eliminate Distractions: Avoid multitasking and procrastination.
    • Effective Balance: Schedule breaks, relaxation, and sufficient sleep.
    • Online Resources: Utilize online library resources (journals, encyclopedias, etc.).

    Course Study Guide (Continued)

    • Taking Notes: Jot down important information for better retention.
    • Efficient Reading: Thoroughly read each unit, follow instructions, and review relevant materials in advance.
    • Engagement: Participate in online discussions with classmates.
    • Asking Questions: Seek assistance from the professor for clarification.

    On Completion and Submission of Student Outputs

    • 25% deduction for one day late submission.
    • 50% deduction for two days late submission.

    Ethical Use of Internet and Etiquette in Online Discussions

    • Use proper language.
    • Be precise.
    • Verify source accuracy and reliability.
    • Avoid informal text-based writing.
    • Explain opinions clearly.
    • Secure username and password.
    • Review material before submitting.
    • Be vigilant of online risks.
    • Do not plagiarize.
    • Tone down language.
    • Obtain permission for copyrighted materials.
    • Do not harm others or steal information.
    • Respect others.
    • Control emotions.
    • Keep posts relevant.
    • Use the internet for academic purposes.
    • Provide credible sources.

    Student Output Format

    • Cover page (template provided)
    • Short coupon bond paper
    • Times New Roman 12 font
    • 1-inch margins
    • 1.5 line spacing
    • Bibliography (APA 7th edition format if necessary)

    Classroom Rules and Regulations

    • Come prepared to learn.
    • Do not cheat.
    • Be on time (15 minutes grace period).
    • Be attentive.
    • Dress appropriately.
    • No phones unless permitted.
    • All examinations and quizzes in the university.
    • Handwritten assignments (except for the cover page).

    Week 1: Introduction to Nursing Pharmacology

    • Learning Targets:
      • Know the key terminology in Pharmacology.
      • Differentiate between Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.
      • Understand the role of receptor families in drug effects.
      • Recognize the importance of drug interactions.
      • Learn different dosage calculations.

    Pharmacology

    • Study of biological effects of chemicals on living organisms.
    • In clinical practice, focuses on chemical effects on living organisms.
    • Nursing Pharmacology (Pharmacotherapeutics or Clinical Pharmacology) is a branch that focuses on drug uses for prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of diseases.

    Salient Terminologies

    • Drug: Article for diseases diagnosis, mitigation, cure, prevention, and treatment in humans and animals.
    • Excipient: Inactive ingredient in a dosage form.
    • API: Active pharmaceutical ingredient that produces the pharmacological effect
    • Side Effects: Effects beyond the desired effect
    • Adverse Effects: Noxious and unintended effects of drug at usual dosages.
    • Toxic Effects/Toxicity: Drug levels exceeding therapeutic range, leading to toxic effects from overdose or drug accumulation.
    • Pharmacogenetics: Study of how drug action varies from predicted responses due to genetic factors.
    • Tolerance: Decreased responsiveness to a drug over time.
    • Placebo Effect: Psychological benefit from a compound without chemical drug effects.
    • Loading Dose: Large initial dose to achieve rapid minimum effective plasma concentration.

    Sources of Drugs

    • Plants
    • Synthetic
    • Animal

    Drug Approval Process

    • Drug discovery and development (2–10 years)
    • Preclinical research and development (3–6 years)
    • Clinical trials (Phase I–III, 1–7 years)
    • FDA reviews NDA (1–2 years)
    • Manufacturing.

    1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

    • FDA regulates drug manufacturing and marketing.
    • Ensures drug safety by monitoring harmful effects.
    • Labels with accurate information and detailed literature on adverse effects.

    1970 Controlled Substances Act

    • Addresses the problem of drug abuse.
    • Promotes drug education and research for drug dependence prevention and treatment.
    • Strengthens enforcement authority.
    • Establishes schedules for controlled substances based on abuse liability.

    Drug Scheduling and Classifications

    • Includes examples of substances in different schedules (more detail on slide 20).

    Main Branches of Pharmacology

    • Pharmacokinetics (drug movement)
    • Pharmacodynamics (drug effects)

    Pharmacokinetic Phase

    • Absorption: Passage of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids via passive, active, or pinocytosis.
    • Distribution: Process where drug becomes available to body fluids and tissues, influenced by blood flow, drug affinity to tissue, and protein-binding effect.
    • Metabolism: Process of body inactivation or biotransformation of drugs, mainly in the liver.
    • Excretion: Removal of drugs from the body, primarily via kidneys (urine), and other routes (bile, feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, breast milk).

    Pharmacodynamic Phase

    • Dose-response and maximal efficacy (relationship between minimal and maximal drug dose needed for desired response)
    • Receptor theory (drugs bind to receptors to initiate a response or block a response).

    Four (4) Receptor Families

    • Kinase-linked receptors: Drug activates an enzyme inside the cell.
    • Ligand-gated ion channels: Drug opens a channel, allowing ions to flow in and out of the cell.
    • G protein-coupled receptors: Drug activates G protein, leading to activation of an effector (enzyme or ion channel).
    • Nuclear receptors: Found in the cell nucleus, activation is prolonged.

    Agonists and Antagonists

    • Agonists produce a response.
    • Antagonists block a response.

    Factors Influencing Drug Effects

    • Weight
    • Age
    • Gender
    • Pathological factors
    • Immunological factors
    • Psychological factors

    Nursing Care Process (Assessment, Planning, Interventions, Evaluation)

    Oral Dosing (Tablets, Capsules)

    • Calculation of prescribed doses based on available tablets/ capsules

    Intravenous Dosing (Drops per minute)

    • Calculation methods for IV administration in drops per minute.

    Pediatric Dosing

    • Unique pharmacokinetic differences needing individualized dosing.
    • Limited therapeutic guidance for certain pediatrics medications.

    Pediatric Dosing Formulas

    • Fried's rule (for infants 0-12 months)
    • Young's rule (for children 2-12 years old)
    • Cowling's rule (age next birthday)
    • Dilling's rule
    • Clark's rule (weight of child)

    Week 2: Drug Therapy: Anti-Infective Agents

    • Learning Targets
      • Explain selective toxicity
      • Differentiate broad-spectrum and narrow spectrum drugs.
      • Define bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
      • Explain minimizing bacterial resistance.
      • Describe adverse effects of antibiotics.

    Chemotherapeutic Agents

    • Selective Toxicity: Destroying the infecting organism without harming the host by exploiting differences between organisms.
    • Antibiotics: Microorganisms inhibiting other microorganisms (bactericidal or bacteriostatic).

    Mechanism of Actions

    • Bacterial and fungal cell wall synthesizing enzymes (Beta-lactams and Antifungals).
    • Bacterial ribosomes (Macrolides and Aminoglycosides).
    • Enzymes required for nucleotide synthesis and DNA replication (Sulfas and Quinolones).
    • Machinery of viral replication (Anti-viral drugs).

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Phenomenon where formerly effective drugs have decreasing impact on bacteria.
    • Microorganisms change due to exposure to antimicrobials.

    Strategies to Combat Drug Resistance

    • Education to avoid self-prescribing.
    • Clinicians prescribing inexpensive, narrow-spectrum drugs when proven effective.

    Adverse Reactions to Anti-infective Therapy

    • Kidney damage (Aminoglycosides and streptomycin).
    • Gastrointestinal toxicity (nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain).
    • Neurotoxicity (ototoxicity, neuropathy, seizures).
    • Hypersensitivity reactions (cross-sensitivity).

    Prophylaxis

    • Antibiotics used as a preventive measure for infection.

    Noscomial Infections

    • Infections patients develop during hospitalization.
    • Drug resistance can lead to increased nosocomial infections.

    Drugs for Urinary Tract Infections

    • Types of UTIs (upper – pyelonephritis, lower – cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis)
    • Frequent pathogens (E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae).

    Urinary Antiseptics/Antiinfectives and Antibiotics

    • Nitrofurantoin treatment for UTI
    • Trimethoprim used with sulfamethoxazole to prevent trimethoprim-resistance

    Urinary Analgesics

    • Phenazopyridine used for analgesic, relieving UTI symptoms (pain and burning sensation).

    Nursing Care Process (Assessment, Planning, Interventions, Evaluation) for UTIs

    • Assessment (history of UTI, incontinence, urinary tract disorders).
    • Nursing Diagnosis (pain related to infection).
    • Planning (symptoms cessation within 10 days).
    • Interventions (monitor urinary output & urine gravity, report decreased output).
    • Evaluation (effectiveness of urinary anti-infective, absence of side effects).

    Antivirals and Antimalarials

    • Antivirals for stopping/ delaying viral spread and replication. Example is Acyclovir.
    • Antimalarials target Plasmodium species for malaria treatment (Example is Chloroquine).

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