Pharmacology: Pregnancy and Lactation

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Questions and Answers

What is the main therapeutic use of antihistamines?

Inhibition of cough reflex

Relief of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis (correct)

Dilation of nasal blood vessels

Cough suppression

Which of the following actions describes the effect of expectorants?

Stimulate respiratory rate

Reduce viscosity of bronchial secretions (correct)

Increase coughing reflex

Block histamine effects at H1 receptors

What is a common adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with first-generation antihistamines?

Nausea

Rash and itching

Increased bronchial secretions

Dizziness and drowsiness (correct)

Which of the following is a nursing intervention related to the use of antihistamines?

Assess respiration regularly Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for decongestants?

Dilate nasal blood vessels to reduce inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What does a high therapeutic index indicate about a drug's safety?

It is likely to be safe for use. Signup and view all the answers

What does drug tolerance refer to?

A decrease in drug effectiveness after repeated use. Signup and view all the answers

Which category represents psychotropic substances with lower risks than category P2 in Thailand's drug classification?

P3 Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary aim of Rational Drug Use (RdU)?

Avoiding preventable adverse drug effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes idiosyncratic drug responses?

Responses based on genetic differences that affect drug metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of norepinephrine at high doses?

Vasoconstriction leading to increased TPR and BP Signup and view all the answers

During lactation, which potential effect does medication have on the breast-fed child?

Possible adverse effects on milk production. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is primarily used in the treatment of bronchial asthma?

Salbutamol Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to the placebo effect in medication administration?

The patient’s psychological response and belief in the treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with dopamine when used at high doses?

Palpitations and tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration in adjusting medication for individuals?

Taking into account personal health factors and costs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an alpha-1 agonist used for nasal congestion?

Pseudoephedrine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common therapeutic use for beta antagonists like propranolol?

Managing hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse drug reactions is associated with clonidine?

Bradycardia and drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

What is a major adverse effect of adrenergic antagonist drugs like prazosin?

Postural hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of salbutamol in the treatment of asthma?

Relaxation of bronchial muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with the use of Bismuth compounds?

Black stool Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended combination for the eradication of H. pylori?

PPI, ranitidine, bismuth + amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of laxatives?

Patients experiencing cramps Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when treating patients with kidney problems?

Drugs containing Magnesium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with macrogole?

Cardiac arrest Signup and view all the answers

Which food is suggested to increase fiber intake?

Ripe papaya Signup and view all the answers

What should be noted regarding the use of laxatives in weight loss?

They are recommended as a permanent solution for weight management Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an antimuscarnic drug used to relieve muscle spasms?

Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when administering Aminophylline?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is used to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?

Leukotriene receptor antagonists Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of corticosteroids?

Swelling and sores in the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if extravasation of an antineoplastic drug occurs?

Stop administration and apply cold compression Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of immunosuppressive drugs like corticosteroids?

High infection rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of anti-proliferative agents like Azathioprine?

Bone marrow toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of corticosteroids in organ transplants?

Prevent graft rejection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is considered a calcineurin inhibitor?

Cyclosporine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pregnancy and Drug Use

Pregnancy includes important phases: Labor and Delivery.
Drug potency refers to the strength of a medication's effect; high potency signifies safer drugs, while low potency indicates a greater risk.
Risks associated with drug use in pregnant women must consider maternal disease, necessary dose adjustments, and potential impacts during lactation.

Lactation Considerations

Nursing mothers must consider the effects of medications on breast-fed infants and milk production.

Reproductive Potential

Medications can impact fertility and increase the risk of pregnancy loss in both females and males.

Drug Responsiveness

Variability in drug responsiveness can result from genetic factors, leading to idiosyncratic reactions.
Hypersensitivity refers to exaggerated allergic responses.
Tolerance develops when patients no longer experience the same drug effect as originally felt.
Placebo effect occurs when patients feel relief without actual drug action, influenced by their beliefs about the treatment.

Thai FDA Medicines Classification

Modern Drugs: Require licensing; includes household remedies like antacids.
Traditional Drugs: Controlled less strictly; common examples include herbal remedies.
Drug Classifications:
- P2: High-risk psychoactive substances (e.g., Ketamine).
- P3: Lower risk psychoactive substances (e.g., Pentazocine).
- P4: Even lower risk (e.g., Lorazepam).
- N2: Narcotic drugs, such as morphine.

Rational Drug Use (RdU)

Focuses on providing patients with appropriate medications that meet individual needs while minimizing cost and avoiding adverse effects.
Key components include ensuring medication is medically indicated, assessing efficacy, and managing potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Cardiovascular Drugs

Norepinephrine:
- Low doses increase heart rate via beta-1 receptors.
- High doses cause vasoconstriction, boosting total peripheral resistance (TPR) and blood pressure.
- ADRs include cardiac arrhythmias and bradycardia.
Dopamine:
- Low doses induce vasodilation; intermediate doses increase heart rate; high doses cause vasoconstriction.
- Therapeutic use includes shock management.

Respiratory Drugs

Antihistamines (H1): Used for allergic inflammation, block histamine effects.
Expectorants: Loosen mucus; common examples include Guaifenesin which reduces surface tension of fluids.
Decongestants: Alpha-adrenergic agonists dilate blood vessels in the nasal area.

Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressant Drugs

Antineoplastic drugs primarily target cancer, with side effects including bone marrow suppression.
Immunosuppressants (e.g., corticosteroids) are used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune disorders; they can increase the rate of infections and exacerbate other conditions such as osteoporosis.

Nursing Considerations

Monitor patients for potential drug reactions and manage interventions to mitigate risks, such as observing for changes in liver function or signs of adverse reactions.
Educate patients on avoiding specific medications under certain conditions (e.g., patients with kidney disease should avoid magnesium-based laxatives).

General Guidelines

Antimuscarnic drugs reduce gastric acid production and muscle spasms, but can cause side effects like tachycardia and dry mouth.
Avoid using laxatives regularly to manage constipation; instead, focus on integrating fiber-rich fruits like bananas and papayas into the diet.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of pharmacology related to pregnancy and lactation. It includes the impact of medications during labor and delivery, as well as considerations for nursing mothers. Test your knowledge on dosages, risks, and effects of drug potency during these critical stages.