أسئلة الثانية فارما PPPM (قبل التعديل)

Adrenaline's ability to counteract histamine-induced hypotension and bronchoconstriction exemplifies which type of antagonism?

Protamine's mechanism of action in reversing heparin overdose is an example of what kind of antagonism?

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies pharmacokinetic antagonism?

Rifampicin reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills. This interaction is an example of which type of antagonism?

Sodium bicarbonate ($\text{NaHCO}_3$) increases the excretion of aspirin by alkalinizing the urine. This interaction exemplifies:

Local anesthetics block sodium channels, preventing nerve signal transmission. This mechanism of action best illustrates which of the following?

In pancreatic beta cells, increased intracellular ATP leads to the closure of ATPase-sensitive potassium channels. This is an example of:

Neostigmine inhibits cholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels at the synapse. This is an example of a drug acting as a:

A drug is considered a full agonist when it:

Which of the following statements accurately describes the ED50 of a drug?

A reversible competitive antagonist's effect can be overcome by:

A drug with a lower ED50 compared to another drug that produces the same effect can be described as:

Why is the efficacy of a drug considered more clinically important than its potency?

What distinguishes an irreversible antagonist from a reversible antagonist?

The toxic dose 50 (TD50) is defined as:

How does a non-competitive antagonist inhibit the action of an agonist?

A drug's therapeutic index (TI) is calculated as the ratio of:

Why does the body need to synthesize new receptors after irreversible antagonist binding?

What is the primary mechanism by which a reversible competitive antagonist inhibits the action of an agonist?

A drug with a narrow therapeutic index...

Which of the following drugs requires careful therapeutic monitoring because of its narrow therapeutic index?

What characterizes the duration of block caused by a reversible competitive antagonist?

What is the result of adding gentamycin (a basic drug) to carpenicillin (an acidic drug) together in the same syringe?

In chemical antagonism, what is the primary mechanism of action?

An antagonist that binds to the same site as the agonist on a receptor but forms weak bonds, allowing the agonist to still achieve a maximal response at high concentrations, is best described as:

What is the primary characteristic of an irreversible antagonist's binding to a receptor?

Which scenario best describes an irreversible antagonist's effect on the maximal response to an agonist?

An antagonist binds to a different site on the receptor than the agonist, preventing receptor activation. This type of antagonism is known as:

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the duration of block produced by a reversible competitive antagonist?

How does the body typically overcome the effects of an irreversible antagonist?

Mixing an acidic drug with a basic drug in the same solution can lead to what type of drug interaction?

Why might administering gentamycin and carbenicillin in the same intravenous solution be clinically problematic?

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies physiological antagonism?

A patient overdoses on an acidic drug. Which of the following strategies would leverage pharmacokinetic antagonism to enhance the drug's elimination?

A drug interaction occurs where Drug A reduces the bioavailability of Drug B by forming a non-absorbable complex in the gastrointestinal tract. This is best described as:

A novel drug is designed to irreversibly bind to and block a specific enzyme's active site. This mechanism of action is an example of:

A drug binds to a receptor site distinct from the agonist-binding site on an ion channel-linked receptor, enhancing the ion channel's response to the endogenous agonist. This mechanism is an example of:

A drug inhibits an enzyme by forming a covalent bond with it. Which characteristic is most likely to be observed with this drug?

A drug binds to a specific receptor, preventing the binding of endogenous ligands. However, the receptor's downstream signaling pathway remains inactive. This drug is best described as:

A new drug selectively inhibits the reuptake of a neurotransmitter, leading to increased neurotransmitter concentration in the synapse. This mechanism of action directly affects:

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a partial agonist?

Drug X has an ED50 of 5mg, while Drug Y has an ED50 of 10mg for the same effect. However, Drug Y has a significantly higher Emax. What can be definitively concluded?

A new drug undergoes preclinical testing. The LD50 is determined to be 200mg/kg, and the ED50 is 2mg/kg. What is the therapeutic index (TI) of this drug, and what does it suggest about its safety?

A drug has a narrow therapeutic index. What implications does this have for its clinical use?

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between drug potency and clinical utility?

A drug company is developing a new analgesic. In clinical trials, Drug A provides pain relief with an ED50 of 10 mg, while Drug B requires 50 mg for the same effect. However, Drug B's maximum pain relief score is significantly higher than Drug A's. From this data, what can be concluded?

During drug development, a compound shows promising efficacy but also has a TD50 very close to its ED50. Which course of action would be MOST appropriate?

A research team discovers a new compound that binds to a receptor with high affinity but produces no measurable effect, even at high concentrations. How would this compound be classified?

Drug Efficacy

Emax

Full Agonist

Partial Agonist

ED50 (Effective Dose)

Potency

TD50 (Toxic Dose)

LD50 (Lethal Dose)

Antagonist Definition

Competitive Antagonist

Reversible Competitive Antagonist

Irreversible Competitive Antagonist

Non-Competitive Antagonist

Chemical Antagonism

Chemical Complex

Drug Antagonism

Adrenaline as a Physiological Antagonist

Physical Antagonism

Protamine Use in Heparin Overdose

Pharmacokinetic Antagonism

Antacids and Absorption

Rifampicin and Oral Contraceptives

Ion Channel Modulation by Drugs

Therapeutic Index (TI)

High Therapeutic Index

Narrow Therapeutic Index

Warfarin's Therapeutic Index

ED50

Efficacy

Antagonist

Acidic/Basic Drug Interaction

Physiological Antagonism

Protamine & Heparin

Absorption Interference

Metabolism Increase

Excretion Increase

Physical Ion Channel Block

Competitive Enzyme Inhibition

Irreversible Enzyme Inhibition