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Questions and Answers
What is pharmacology?
What is biotechnology?
The process used in manufacturing drugs
What is drug nomenclature?
A system of identifying drugs by name
What is a drug?
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What are the sources of drugs?
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What does pharmacokinetics study?
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What processes are involved in pharmacokinetics?
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What is pharmacodynamics?
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What variables affect pharmacodynamics?
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When does an agonistic interaction occur?
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What is agonist reversal?
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What are two examples of agonists?
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What happens when the agonistic medication binds to a receptor site in the body?
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What is a synergistic relationship?
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What can be a result of a synergistic relationship?
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What is epinephrine an example of?
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What is epinephrine added to, and what is its purpose?
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What is an antagonist?
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What is an example of an antagonist?
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What does dantrolene do?
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What is a prophylactic drug?
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What is heparin?
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What are analgesics used for?
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What are adrenergics used for?
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What characterizes allergic reaction type I?
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What characterizes allergic reaction type II?
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What characterizes allergic reaction type III?
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What characterizes allergic reaction type IV?
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What is the therapeutic action/window?
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What is a narrow therapeutic window?
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What is an indication?
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What are contraindications?
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What are common contraindications for medication use?
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What is peak effect?
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What is onset in pharmacology?
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What is duration in pharmacological terms?
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Where is medication distributed within the body?
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What defines therapeutic effect?
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What is a side effect?
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What are symptoms of side effects?
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What are adverse effects?
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What are toxic effects?
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What can the effects of toxic effects include?
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What have most drugs on the market today been standardized and approved for?
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What can occur when two substances are prescribed concurrently?
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When a drug interaction is intentional, what is it known as?
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When a drug interaction is undesirable, what is it known as?
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The dosage for each indication may vary according to what?
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What is the goal of medication administration?
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What happens when the correct dosage is appropriately applied?
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What are some susceptible organs affected by adverse effects of medications?
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What is a common adverse reaction?
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What is anaphylaxis?
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What is tolerance in pharmacological terms?
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What is addiction?
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What must a drug be to produce an effect?
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What occurs at the site of administration?
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What is passive transport?
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What affects the final action of a substance?
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What are factors that influence absorption?
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What type of medication is absorbed more quickly than an ingested tablet?
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What method of drug administration provides the quickest results?
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What vasoconstrictor can be added to a drug preparation to slow absorption?
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What affects the distribution of medication?
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Where does biotransformation or metabolism of a drug most often occur?
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What are medications converted to by the liver?
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What is the main function of the liver in drug metabolism?
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What is the primary responsibility of the kidneys?
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How long does the effect of medication in the body continue?
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What is the route of administration?
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What is enteral administration?
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What are the methods of enteral administration?
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What is oral administration?
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What is sublingual administration?
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What is buccal administration?
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What is parenteral administration?
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What is the intramuscular (IM) administration route?
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What is the subcutaneous (SC or SQ) administration route?
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What is the intraosseous (IO) administration route?
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What is the intravenous (IV) administration route?
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What is the intradermal administration route?
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What is the intra-articular administration route?
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What is the intraspinal administration route?
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What is the intracardiac administration route?
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What are the most common routes of administration for medications in the OR?
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What is topical administration?
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What is the instillation administration route?
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What is the transdermal administration route?
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What is the rectal administration route?
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What is the vaginal administration route?
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What is the nasal administration route?
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What is the inhalation administration route?
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What three factors determine the type of preparation or form a drug will be made available in?
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What category includes oxygen and nitrous oxide?
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What is the liquid category of drug preparations?
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What is a solution in drug preparations?
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What is a suspension in drug preparations?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Overview
- Pharmacology studies medications, including their origins, properties, and uses.
- Biotechnology is crucial for drug manufacturing processes.
Drug Identification
- Drug nomenclature identifies drugs through generic, trade, and chemical names.
- Drugs are defined as substances used for diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing diseases.
Drug Sources
- Common drug sources include synthetic chemicals, proteins (animal and human), minerals, metals, and plants.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetics involves drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion.
- Pharmacodynamics studies the interaction between drug molecules and target cells.
- Variables affecting pharmacodynamics include drug type, dosage, administration route, and patient conditions.
Agonists and Antagonists
- Agonistic interactions enhance the effect of other substances, whereas antagonists block agonist actions.
- Examples of agonists include synergists and additives, such as epinephrine, which prolongs lidocaine's effects.
- Protamine sulfate is an example of an antagonist used in specific medical conditions.
Drug Utilization
- Prophylactic drugs prevent diseases; heparin serves as an anticoagulant.
- Analgesics are used for pain management; adrenergics treat asthma and allergic emergencies.
Allergic Reactions
- Type I reactions involve anaphylaxis due to histamine release; can be life-threatening.
- Type II reactions are cytotoxic; mismatched blood transfusions exemplify this type.
- Type III reactions arise from antigen-antibody complexes; usually self-resolving.
- Type IV reactions are delayed hypersensitivity; an example is a tuberculin skin test.
Drug Therapy Parameters
- Therapeutic action refers to effective dosing within safety margins; narrow therapeutic windows necessitate careful dosing.
- Indications list conditions treated by the drug; contraindications outline circumstances to avoid drug use.
Drug Effects and Interactions
- Peak effect describes when maximum drug effects occur; onset is the time taken for effects to arise.
- Duration represents how long drug effects are sustained.
- Adverse effects can harm organs, while side effects are tolerable but undesirable outcomes.
Drug Absorption and Administration
- Drug absorption occurs at the administration site and depends on the method of administration.
- Passive transport is the primary mechanism for drug uptake, requiring no energy.
- Various administration routes include enteral (oral, sublingual, buccal) and parenteral (injections).
Specific Routes of Administration
- Parenteral routes encompass intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, and more.
- Topical administration involves applying drugs to skin or mucosal areas for localized effects.
Drug Preparation and Formulation
- Factors determining drug preparation include administration route, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics.
- Drug forms include gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide), solutions, and suspensions, with suspensions needing redistribution before use.
Safety and Effectiveness
- Most medications in use today have been standardized for safety, dosage accuracy, and effectiveness.
- Drug interactions can be beneficial or detrimental based on whether the result is intentional or not.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pharmacology, covering medication properties, drug nomenclature, and sources of drugs. Explore concepts in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the differences between agonists and antagonists. This quiz is essential for anyone studying pharmaceuticals and their effects.