Pharmacology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is pharmacology?

  • The process used in manufacturing drugs
  • The study of medications and their actions (correct)
  • A substance used for diagnosis or treatment
  • A system of identifying drugs by name

What is biotechnology?

The process used in manufacturing drugs

What is drug nomenclature?

A system of identifying drugs by name

What is a drug?

<p>A substance used for diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sources of drugs?

<p>Synthetic chemicals, animal and human proteins, minerals, elemental metals, plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacokinetics study?

<p>The metabolic processing of a drug within the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes are involved in pharmacokinetics?

<p>Absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacodynamics?

<p>The study of the interaction of drug molecules with the target cells of living tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What variables affect pharmacodynamics?

<p>Type of drug, dosage, route of administration, and patient condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does an agonistic interaction occur?

<p>When a drug potentiates or enhances the effect of another substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is agonist reversal?

<p>The absence of the agonist's action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of agonists?

<p>Synergists and additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the agonistic medication binds to a receptor site in the body?

<p>It produces an alteration in the biological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a synergistic relationship?

<p>The action of one agent increases the action of the other agent when delivered together</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of a synergistic relationship?

<p>Each agent can be given in lower, safer doses while obtaining the same desired effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is epinephrine an example of?

<p>Additive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is epinephrine added to, and what is its purpose?

<p>It is added to the local anesthetic lidocaine to prolong the anesthetic action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antagonist?

<p>Binds to the agonist's receptor site, preventing the agonist from binding there</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an antagonist?

<p>Protamine sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dantrolene do?

<p>Reverses malignant hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prophylactic drug?

<p>Used to prevent disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is heparin?

<p>Anticoagulant aka blood thinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are analgesics used for?

<p>Used to manage pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adrenergics used for?

<p>Used in the treatment of asthma and during allergic emergencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes allergic reaction type I?

<p>Vasoconstriction/inflammation due to histamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes allergic reaction type II?

<p>Cytotoxic reaction resulting from the interaction between antibodies and cell surface antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes allergic reaction type III?

<p>Caused by antigen-antibody complexes that trigger tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes allergic reaction type IV?

<p>Cell-mediated reactions that occur 24-72 hours after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic action/window?

<p>Range of drug doses that can treat disease effectively while staying safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a narrow therapeutic window?

<p>Drugs where the difference between therapeutic dose and toxicity is small</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication?

<p>A listing of the medical conditions that the medication is known to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are contraindications?

<p>A list of circumstances under which the medication should not be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common contraindications for medication use?

<p>Pregnancy, liver failure, or renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peak effect?

<p>The period when the maximum effects of the medication are demonstrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is onset in pharmacology?

<p>The period of time required for the medication effects to begin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is duration in pharmacological terms?

<p>The overall period when the effects of a medication are demonstrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is medication distributed within the body?

<p>To target cells, the liver for biotransformation, kidneys for elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines therapeutic effect?

<p>The concentration of a medication used to produce the desired result</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a side effect?

<p>An unexpected, undesirable, but tolerable effect of a medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are symptoms of side effects?

<p>Dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, or drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adverse effects?

<p>An undesirable and potentially harmful effect of a medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are toxic effects?

<p>An undesirable and unacceptable effect of a medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the effects of toxic effects include?

<p>Promotion of cancerous tumors (carcinogens) or development of birth defects (teratogens)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have most drugs on the market today been standardized and approved for?

<p>Safety, dosage accuracy, and effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when two substances are prescribed concurrently?

<p>Drug interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a drug interaction is intentional, what is it known as?

<p>Beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a drug interaction is undesirable, what is it known as?

<p>Detrimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dosage for each indication may vary according to what?

<p>The patient's medical condition, weight, and age</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of medication administration?

<p>To provide the patient with chemical preparations designed to treat illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the correct dosage is appropriately applied?

<p>Medications are able to affect illness by preventing, improving, or treating conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some susceptible organs affected by adverse effects of medications?

<p>Brain, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse reaction?

<p>Hypersensitivity or allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphylaxis?

<p>An immediate hypersensitivity reaction to a foreign protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tolerance in pharmacological terms?

<p>The dosage of the medication must be increased to achieve the desired effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is addiction?

<p>A physical or psychological dependency on the effect of a medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a drug be to produce an effect?

<p>Absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the site of administration?

<p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

<p>When a substance is taken into the bloodstream by capillaries without energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affects the final action of a substance?

<p>The rate of absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are factors that influence absorption?

<p>Type of drug preparation, dosage, route of administration, and the patient's condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is absorbed more quickly than an ingested tablet?

<p>A liquid that has been injected</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method of drug administration provides the quickest results?

<p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vasoconstrictor can be added to a drug preparation to slow absorption?

<p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affects the distribution of medication?

<p>Rate of absorption, systemic circulation, regional blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does biotransformation or metabolism of a drug most often occur?

<p>In the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are medications converted to by the liver?

<p>An active substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the liver in drug metabolism?

<p>To break down the drug molecules in preparation for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the kidneys?

<p>Filtration of medication, elimination, urine formation, excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the effect of medication in the body continue?

<p>Until it is biotransformed and/or excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of administration?

<p>The method used to deliver the medication into the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is enteral administration?

<p>Administration of medication through the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the methods of enteral administration?

<p>Oral, sublingual, buccal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oral administration?

<p>Placed in the mouth and swallowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sublingual administration?

<p>Placed under the tongue until dissolved and absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is buccal administration?

<p>Placed between the cheek and the teeth/gums until dissolved and absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is parenteral administration?

<p>Other than through the gastrointestinal tract; by injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intramuscular (IM) administration route?

<p>Parenteral, placed within the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the subcutaneous (SC or SQ) administration route?

<p>Parenteral, placed into the adipose tissue layer under the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intraosseous (IO) administration route?

<p>Parenteral, injection into the bone marrow when IV cannot be initiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intravenous (IV) administration route?

<p>Parenteral, placed directly into the vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intradermal administration route?

<p>Parenteral, placed between the layers of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intra-articular administration route?

<p>Parenteral, placed within a joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intraspinal administration route?

<p>Parenteral, injection into the spinal canal or epidural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intracardiac administration route?

<p>Parenteral, placed into the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common routes of administration for medications in the OR?

<p>Parenteral, with intravenous (IV) administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is topical administration?

<p>Applied to the skin or mucosa membrane for localized or systemic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the instillation administration route?

<p>Topical, administration of drops into the eye or ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transdermal administration route?

<p>Topical, drug absorbed through a skin patch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rectal administration route?

<p>Topical, placed into the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vaginal administration route?

<p>Topical, topical effect or absorption through the mucous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nasal administration route?

<p>Topical, on nasal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inhalation administration route?

<p>Topical, directly administered to the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three factors determine the type of preparation or form a drug will be made available in?

<p>Route of administration, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What category includes oxygen and nitrous oxide?

<p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the liquid category of drug preparations?

<p>Two primary types: solution and suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution in drug preparations?

<p>Drug dissolved in a liquid (solvent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension in drug preparations?

<p>Solid particles are suspended in a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacology

The study of medication, encompassing its sources, properties, and applications.

Biotechnology in Pharmacology

A branch of biology focusing on drug production using cells and organisms.

Drug Nomenclature

A systematic way to identify drugs, using generic names, trade names, and chemical names.

Drugs

Substances used to prevent, treat, or manage disease, including diagnosis and mitigation.

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Pharmacokinetics

The study of how our bodies interact with drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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Pharmacodynamics

The study of how drugs interact with cells and tissues to produce their effects.

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Agonists

Substances that enhance the effect of other agents, such as synergists and additives.

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Antagonists

Substances that block the action of other agents, preventing their effects.

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Prophylactic Drugs

Drugs that prevent diseases before they occur.

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Analgesics

Drugs that relieve pain.

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Anaphylaxis

The most severe type I allergic reaction caused by sudden histamine release, potentially life-threatening.

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Type II Allergic Reactions

An allergic reaction where antibodies attack cells, like in blood transfusions.

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Type III Allergic Reactions

An allergic reaction triggered by antigen-antibody complexes, often self-resolving.

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Type IV Allergic Reactions

An allergic reaction with delayed onset, like a tuberculin skin test.

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Therapeutic Window

The range of effective doses within safety margins.

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Indications

Conditions where a drug is appropriate.

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Contraindications

Situations where a drug should not be used.

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Peak Effect

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum effect.

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Onset of Action

The time it takes for a drug to start working.

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Duration of Action

The duration of a drug's effectiveness.

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Adverse Effects

Harmful effects that can cause organ damage.

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Side Effects

Tolerable but undesirable outcomes of drug use.

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Drug Absorption

The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its administration site.

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Passive Transport

The movement of a drug across cell membranes without energy expenditure.

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Administration Routes

Methods of delivering drugs into the body, including oral, sublingual, buccal, and injections.

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Parenteral Routes

Drug delivery methods involving injections into muscles, under the skin, and directly into veins.

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Topical Administration

Applying drugs to the skin or mucous membranes for localized effects.

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Drug Formulation

The specific form of a drug, influenced by administration route and drug behavior.

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Gaseous Drugs

Drugs that exist as gases at room temperature, like oxygen and nitrous oxide.

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Drug Solutions

Solutions with uniform drug distribution, ready for use.

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Drug Suspensions

Drug preparations where the drug particles are suspended in liquid, needing to be redistributed before use.

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Drug Standardization

Ensuring drugs are safe, accurately dosed, and effective for intended use.

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Drug Interactions

Interactions between drugs that can have beneficial or detrimental effects, depending on intention.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology Overview

  • Pharmacology studies medications, including their origins, properties, and uses.
  • Biotechnology is crucial for drug manufacturing processes.

Drug Identification

  • Drug nomenclature identifies drugs through generic, trade, and chemical names.
  • Drugs are defined as substances used for diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing diseases.

Drug Sources

  • Common drug sources include synthetic chemicals, proteins (animal and human), minerals, metals, and plants.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

  • Pharmacokinetics involves drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion.
  • Pharmacodynamics studies the interaction between drug molecules and target cells.
  • Variables affecting pharmacodynamics include drug type, dosage, administration route, and patient conditions.

Agonists and Antagonists

  • Agonistic interactions enhance the effect of other substances, whereas antagonists block agonist actions.
  • Examples of agonists include synergists and additives, such as epinephrine, which prolongs lidocaine's effects.
  • Protamine sulfate is an example of an antagonist used in specific medical conditions.

Drug Utilization

  • Prophylactic drugs prevent diseases; heparin serves as an anticoagulant.
  • Analgesics are used for pain management; adrenergics treat asthma and allergic emergencies.

Allergic Reactions

  • Type I reactions involve anaphylaxis due to histamine release; can be life-threatening.
  • Type II reactions are cytotoxic; mismatched blood transfusions exemplify this type.
  • Type III reactions arise from antigen-antibody complexes; usually self-resolving.
  • Type IV reactions are delayed hypersensitivity; an example is a tuberculin skin test.

Drug Therapy Parameters

  • Therapeutic action refers to effective dosing within safety margins; narrow therapeutic windows necessitate careful dosing.
  • Indications list conditions treated by the drug; contraindications outline circumstances to avoid drug use.

Drug Effects and Interactions

  • Peak effect describes when maximum drug effects occur; onset is the time taken for effects to arise.
  • Duration represents how long drug effects are sustained.
  • Adverse effects can harm organs, while side effects are tolerable but undesirable outcomes.

Drug Absorption and Administration

  • Drug absorption occurs at the administration site and depends on the method of administration.
  • Passive transport is the primary mechanism for drug uptake, requiring no energy.
  • Various administration routes include enteral (oral, sublingual, buccal) and parenteral (injections).

Specific Routes of Administration

  • Parenteral routes encompass intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, and more.
  • Topical administration involves applying drugs to skin or mucosal areas for localized effects.

Drug Preparation and Formulation

  • Factors determining drug preparation include administration route, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics.
  • Drug forms include gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide), solutions, and suspensions, with suspensions needing redistribution before use.

Safety and Effectiveness

  • Most medications in use today have been standardized for safety, dosage accuracy, and effectiveness.
  • Drug interactions can be beneficial or detrimental based on whether the result is intentional or not.

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Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacology, covering medication properties, drug nomenclature, and sources of drugs. Explore concepts in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the differences between agonists and antagonists. This quiz is essential for anyone studying pharmaceuticals and their effects.

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