Pharmacology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the term pharmacology refer to?

  • The collection of data on drug side effects
  • The science of substances that affect living systems through chemical processes (correct)
  • The study of drug interactions with non-living systems
  • The analysis of drug manufacturing processes

Which domain is NOT a part of pharmacology?

  • Drug characteristics
  • Drug classifications
  • Dosage forms
  • Economic effects of drugs (correct)

What percentage of the exam is dedicated to the theoretical part?

  • 80%
  • 50%
  • 70% (correct)
  • 30%

How are drugs classified in pharmacology?

<p>According to various criteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that influences drug absorption?

<p>Chemical characteristics of the drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between generic versions of drugs and their branded products?

<p>They share the same active ingredients but may differ in inactive components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'pharmacon' in pharmacology?

<p>A chemical compound that interacts with biological systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the practical part's weight in the total exam score?

<p>30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacodynamics study in relation to drugs?

<p>How drugs interact with the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of pharmacology?

<p>Drug administration routes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines pharmacotherapy?

<p>The clinical use of drugs for treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacogenomics primarily investigate?

<p>Genetic variations affecting drug response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drug origin includes the use of plants and minerals?

<p>Natural drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of toxicology within pharmacology?

<p>The side effects of drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a drug according to the definition provided?

<p>Any substance used to alter physiological functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the classification of drugs by composition entail?

<p>Identifying drugs as simple or combined formulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the local action of a drug?

<p>Local action occurs without systemic absorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is involved in the release of active substances from dosage forms?

<p>Pharmaceutical phase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration does NOT require absorption for drug action?

<p>Topical administration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major barrier to drug movement across membranes?

<p>Single or multiple layers of cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cell membranes primarily composed of?

<p>Amphipathic lipids and proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase of absorption?

<p>Metabolic phase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a drug do to permeate a cell?

<p>It must cross the cellular membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the process of absorption after drug administration?

<p>Passing through several membranes to enter systemic circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of SLC transporters?

<p>Facilitate transmembrane equilibration of a single transported species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are specifically concentrated by OCT2 in the nephron?

<p>Cisplatin and urate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of P-glycoproteins in pharmacology?

<p>To contribute to multidrug resistance in cancer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances are NOT known to be transported by OATs?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the uptake of large or impermeant substances into the cell?

<p>Endocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes exocytosis?

<p>The secretion of substances from cells via vesicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

P-glycoproteins are located in various cells. Which of the following locations is NOT mentioned?

<p>Respiratory epithelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport do OCTs primarily perform?

<p>Uniport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristic of a drug primarily affects its absorption?

<p>pKa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence drug absorption based on patient characteristics?

<p>Gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lower limit for the molecular weight of most drugs necessary for specific action?

<p>100 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dosage form influence the absorption of a drug?

<p>It affects drug solubility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors primarily influences absorption due to physiological changes?

<p>Alteration of gastrointestinal movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does food play in the absorption of drugs?

<p>It can alter gastric pH and transit time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these can cause alteration in the physiological bacterial flora impacting drug absorption?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of solubility is vital for drug absorption in the body?

<p>Both lipo-solubility and hydro-solubility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the chelation of tetracycline with aluminum, calcium, or magnesium?

<p>Formation of a non-absorbable complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is associated with delaying stomach evacuation?

<p>Anticholinergics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prokinetics affect gastrointestinal transit?

<p>They augment gastric evacuation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can disrupt the absorption of certain antibiotics?

<p>Increased gastric pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pharmacokinetics?

<p>Drug transformation in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about drug absorption is true?

<p>It involves passage across membranes to systemic circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is identified as increasing gastric pH?

<p>Proton pump inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do macrolides have when gastric evacuation is augmented?

<p>Increased absorption of macrolides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cell membranes in pharmacology?

<p>They act as fluid barriers made of lipids and proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors does NOT typically influence drug absorption?

<p>Environmental temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacology

The study of how drugs interact with living systems through chemical processes.

Pharmacodynamics

The study of how drugs affect the body and the mechanisms by which these effects occur.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how the body affects drugs - including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Brand Name

The name given to a drug by its manufacturer, usually a combination of letters and numbers.

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Generic Name

The official scientific name for a drug, independent of its brand name.

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Drug

A chemical substance that interacts with a living system to produce a biological effect.

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Dosage Form

A specific form in which a drug is prepared for administration, such as tablets, capsules, or injections.

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Drug Absorption

The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration.

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General drug action

Drug action at a distance from where it was given.

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Local drug action

Drug action at the site of application.

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Pharmaceutical phase

The process of releasing the active ingredient from its dosage form.

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Absorption phase

The process of crossing cell membranes to reach systemic circulation.

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Disintegration and dissolution

The breakdown and dissolving of a dosage form, allowing the active ingredient to be absorbed.

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Cell membrane

A thin layer that surrounds cells, composed of lipids and proteins.

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Drug passage across membranes

The process of a drug passing through a cell membrane.

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Pharmacotherapy

The use of drugs to treat and prevent diseases.

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Toxicology

The study of the adverse effects of drugs.

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Drug definition (Directive 2004/27/EC)

Any substance or combination of substances used to restore, correct, or modify physiological functions in the body.

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Drug's origin

The origin of drugs can be natural (plants, animals, minerals), synthetic, or derived from biotechnology.

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What are SLC transporters?

A family of membrane transport proteins responsible for moving a single substance across a cell membrane in one direction (uniport).

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What is OCT?

A specific type of SLC transporter that carries dopamine, choline, quinine, and procainamide.

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What are OATs?

A type of SLC transporter that facilitates the excretion of urate, prostaglandins, vitamins, antibiotics, antivirals, and NSAIDs by the kidneys.

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What are ABC transporters?

A large family of membrane transport proteins that use energy from ATP to move substances across cell membranes.

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What are P-glycoproteins?

A type of ABC transporter that plays a crucial role in multidrug resistance in cancer cells, often found in membranes of kidneys, liver, brain, and gut.

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What is endocytosis?

The process by which cells engulf large molecules or particles by enclosing them in a vesicle.

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What is exocytosis?

The process by which cells release substances from within by fusing a vesicle with the cell membrane.

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What are examples of substances transported by endocytosis?

Examples of substances transported by endocytosis include vitamin B12 and iron.

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Drug Characteristics

The physical and chemical properties of a drug, like its solubility and size, that influence how quickly and easily it's absorbed.

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Drug Solubility (Lipo/Hydro)

Whether a drug is more soluble in fats or water influences its absorption and distribution in the body.

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Drug Dosage Form

The form of a drug, whether it's a tablet, capsule, or a sustained-release tablet, can affect its absorption rate.

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Drug Concentration & Quantity

The amount of drug present at the site of administration affects absorption - higher concentrations can lead to faster absorption.

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pH of Environment & Absorption

The acidity or alkalinity of the stomach and intestines influences the absorption of many drugs.

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Surface Area & Absorption

The surface area of the absorption site (like the small intestine) plays a role in how much drug is absorbed.

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Time Exposure, Circulation & Absorption

Factors like the speed of food movement in the gut and blood flow to different tissues can affect absorption.

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Chelation

The process by which a drug interacts with a metal ion to form a complex that cannot be absorbed by the body.

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How can certain metals impact drug absorption?

Certain medications can bind to metal ions like aluminum, calcium, or magnesium. This prevents the drug from being absorbed by the body.

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How do some medications affect gastric emptying and drug absorption?

Anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidepressants, and opioids can delay stomach emptying, reducing the absorption of macrolides.

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What medications can speed up gastric emptying and enhance drug absorption?

Prokinetics, like domperidone and metoclopramide, accelerate gastric emptying, improving the absorption of macrolides.

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How does changing gastric pH influence drug absorption?

Antiacids and gastric secretion inhibitors raise gastric pH, affecting the ionization state and absorption of some drugs.

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What are some common drugs whose absorption is affected by a higher gastric pH?

Tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, lincomycin, ketoconazole, and itraconazole are examples of drugs whose absorption can be hampered by an increased gastric pH.

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What is pharmacokinetics?

The study of how drugs move within the body, covering absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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What is drug absorption?

The process of a drug entering the bloodstream from its site of administration.

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What factors can influence drug absorption?

Different factors related to the drug itself and the patient's characteristics can influence how well a drug is absorbed by the body.

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What is the role of the cell membrane in drug absorption?

The cell membrane acts as a barrier for drugs, being composed of lipids and proteins.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology Course

  • Course date: 9/30/2024
  • Students must know main drug information for general practice.
  • Topics include: pharmaco-kinetics, pharmaco-dynamics, adverse effects, toxicology, interactions, treatment principles, therapeutic bases, and administration modes.

Topics

  • General Pharmacology
  • General Pharmacokinetics
  • General Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacovigilance
  • Neurotransmitters and chemical modulators (Cholinergic autonomic system, Adrenergic autonomic system, Serotonin, Serotonin antagonists, Histamine, Histamine antagonists)
  • Hormones (Steroid hormones, Thyroid hormones, Diabetes treatment, Oral antidiabetics, Insulins, Sexual hormones)

Evaluation

  • Prerequisites: Physiology (endogenous signal pathways - 1st semester), Essential Microbiology (2nd semester)
  • Exam: Theoretical part (70%), Practical part (30%)

Learning Objectives

  • Define pharmacology and its domains (drug and dosage form)
  • Classify drugs based on different criteria
  • Describe the relationship between generic and branded drugs
  • Describe drug absorption mechanisms
  • List chemical drug characteristics and factors affecting drug absorption

What is Pharmacology?

  • A science (Pharmacon + logos)
  • Study of substances interacting with living systems via chemical processes (binding to regulatory molecules, activating/inhibiting body processes)
  • Covers how drugs work (e.g., traveling from stomach to head)

What is Pharmacology (Continued)?

  • All aspects concerning drugs:
  • Pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug)
  • Pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body)
  • Pharmacotherapy (clinical pharmacology)
  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacology Branches (Diagram)

  • A complex network with interconnected branches including clinical medicine, veterinary medicine, psychology, pharmaceutical sciences, bioengineering, pathology, and chemistry. This network encompasses various subspecialties of pharmacology (e.g., psycho-pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, etc.).

Drug Administration and Action

  • Administration: Oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, inhalation
  • Action: Drug reaches target site (e.g., neuron receptor), undergoes binding/inactivation, and excretion happens through different channels (e.g., intestines, kidneys)

Definition of Drug

  • Any substance or combination of substances used in/administered to humans, either to restore, correct, or modify physiological functions (pharmacological, immunological, or metabolic action), or to create medical diagnoses
  • Defined by Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament

The Origin of Drugs

  • Natural: Plants, animals, minerals
  • Synthesis: Biotechnology (DNA recombinant techniques, transgenic mice, PCR)

Drug Classification

  • Origin: Source of the drug
  • Composition: Simple (single active substance) or complex (multiple active substances)
  • Chemical Composition: Acids, bases, salts
  • Physical Aspect: Dosage forms (e.g., solid, liquid, gaseous)
  • Type of Drugs: Prophylactic treatment, substitution treatment, etiologic treatment, pathogenic treatment, symptomatic treatment

Drug Classification (Continued)

  • Molecular Mechanisms: Pharmacological classifications (agonist, antagonist)
  • Therapeutic Actions: Clinical classifications (analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive)

Drug Denomination

  • Chemical Name: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide (for paracetamol)
  • Generic Name: Paracetamol
  • Brand Name: Panadol

Drug Denomination (Additional Example)

  • Chemical name for Captopril
  • Official/generic name for Captopril
  • Brand name(s) for Captopril

How to Memorize Drug Structures

  • Core structures (e.g., Sulfanilamide, furan-2-ylmethylamino)
  • Furosemide chemical structural formula

Original Drug vs Generic Drug

  • Original Drug: First approved.
  • Generic Drug: Biosimilar to the original, holding comparable quality, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. Lower cost.

Bioequivalence

  • Two drugs with identical active substance (same amount), but differing excipients may have non-identical bioavailability depending on the formulation.

Key Messages

  • Pharmacology is a multi-faceted science.
  • Drugs are categorized by origin, composition, physical form.
  • Drug names are denoted by chemical, generic, and brand name variants.
  • Different drug types have different uses (e.g., prophylactic, symptomatic).

Pharmacokinetics

  • The study of drug movement into and throughout the body.
  • Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Absorption

  • Passage of drug from administration site into the plasma.
  • Crucial for most routes.
    • Not necessary for topical applications.
  • Absorption involves multiple steps.

Absorption (Continued)

  • Drug characteristics: Physical/chemical properties (pH, solubility), dosage form, concentration
  • Patient characteristics: pH of the environment (gastric, intestinal), surface area, age, circulatory status, food intake, time exposure, presence of other drugs, and disease status

Types of Transport Across Membranes

  • Passive Transport: Liposoluble, non-ionized molecules; follows concentration gradient; no energy required; no competition
  • Specialized Transport: Facilitated diffusion and active transport (against gradient) with energy input; specific for certain substances; can be saturable and exhibit competition.
  • Endocytosis/Exocytosis: Carrier proteins or vesicles required for transport of large/hydrophobic molecules..

Physiological Barriers Affecting Drug Absorption

  • Cell Membranes: Structure and permeability influenced by lipid solubility, pore size, and embedded proteins
  • Blood-Brain Barrier: Protects the brain. Limited permeability due to lipid solubility
  • Placental Barrier: Permeable to lipid-soluble drugs; separating maternal and fetal blood circulation.

Key Concepts Summary

  • Drugs are classified based on multiple factors.
  • The absorption process depends on the drug and the patient.
  • Specialized transport includes facilitated diffusion and active transport.
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis transport substances across cell membranes.

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Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacology with this comprehensive quiz that covers essential concepts such as drug classification, pharmacodynamics, and the impact of pharmacogenomics. Assess your understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of the field and explore the relationship between different types of drugs. Ideal for students and professionals looking to refresh their pharmacological knowledge.

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