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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of pharmacogenetics?
Which route of drug administration involves the intended absorption along the gastrointestinal tract?
What does the strength of a solution refer to?
What is the first phase of the drug approval process primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following correctly describes a solute?
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What defines the trade name of a drug?
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What is one of the barriers to drug absorption in the respiratory tract?
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How many milliliters are there in one cubic centimeter (cc)?
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Which of the following infections is particularly associated with patients who have severe burns or are immunosuppressed?
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What is the purpose of using Acetylcysteine in clinical settings?
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Which abbreviation represents 'twice a day' in medical terminology?
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What is the main purpose of anticholinergic drugs like Ipratropium bromide?
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Which medication is used specifically for the treatment of cystic fibrosis by reducing mucous viscosity?
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In the context of orphan drugs, which condition must be met for a drug to be classified as such?
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Which drug among the following is NOT classified as an anti-infective agent?
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Which of the following statements about β-adrenergic agents is true?
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Study Notes
Drug Administration and Pharmacology
- Drug administration involves identifying dosage forms and routes: enteral, parenteral, transdermal, inhalation, and topical.
- Respiratory care pharmacology applies principles of pharmacology in treating cardiopulmonary diseases and in critical care settings.
- Pharmacogenetics explores how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs.
- Therapeutics refers to using drugs to effectively treat diseases.
- Trade name is the brand name under which a drug is marketed.
Key Definitions
- Percent indicates the amount of active ingredient in a solution comprising 100 parts.
- Schedule refers to the dose of a drug based on a patient’s weight.
- Solute is the active ingredient dissolved in a solution.
- Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
- Solvent is the liquid used to create a solution, and strength is the amount of solute expressed as a percentage.
Administration Routes
- Enteral: Administration via the gastrointestinal tract.
- Parenteral: Injectable medications bypassing the intestine.
- Transdermal: Medications applied to the skin for systemic absorption.
- Inhalation: Drugs aerosolized to target the lungs for respiratory diseases.
- Topical: Direct application of medications to skin or mucous membranes for localized effects.
Measurement Conversions
- 1 mL equals 1 cubic centimeter (cc).
- 1 teaspoon equals 5 mL or roughly 60 drops.
- 1 kg equals 1000 grams, 1 m equals 100 cm, and 1 cm equals 10 mm.
Drug Information Sources
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP-NF) serves as the official source for drug information.
- Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) may provide biased information regarding drugs.
Drug Approval Process
- Phase 1: Testing conducted on a small, healthy volunteer group.
- Phase 2: Involves a small group of patients with the targeted disease.
- Phase 3: Trials conducted on larger, multicenter patient groups.
Barriers to Drug Absorption in the Respiratory Tract
- Critical barriers include the airway surface liquid, epithelial cells, basement membrane, interstitium, and capillary vascular network.
Infections in Respiratory Care
- Pneumocystis (carinii) primarily affects HIV patients.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes respiratory infections mainly in patients with severe burns or immunosuppression.
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is also significant in respiratory-related infections.
Abbreviations
- ā: before
- bid: twice a day
- cc: cubic centimeter (mL)
- g: gram
- gtt: drop
- hs: at bedtime
- IM: intramuscular
- IV: intravenous
- L: liter
- NPO: nothing by mouth
- PO: by mouth
- PRN: as needed
- q: every
- qh: every hour
Orphan Drugs
- Defined as drugs used to treat rare diseases, affecting fewer than 200,000 people.
- Examples include:
- Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen overdose.
- Prolastin for congenital α1 proteinase deficiency.
- Beractant for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns.
- Dornase alfa for cystic fibrosis (CF).
- Nitric oxide for pulmonary hypertension in newborns.
Respiratory Therapeutics
- β-Adrenergic: Albuterol improves airflow in conditions like asthma and COPD.
- Anticholinergic: Ipratropium bromide helps bronchodilation in COPD and asthma.
- Mucoactive agents: Acetylcysteine reduces mucous viscosity for better secretion clearance.
- Corticoid Steroids: Fluticasone propionate controls inflammation in asthma and rhinitis.
- Antiasthmatic agents: Montelukast prevents asthmatic responses via anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
- Antiinfective drugs: Used to target infections like those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and RSV.
Related Drug Groups in Respiratory Care
- Anti-infective agents include antibiotics and drugs for tuberculosis.
- Neuromuscular blocking agents support respiratory therapy and critical care management.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key pharmacology concepts including drug administration, pharmacogenetics, and therapeutics. This quiz covers essential definitions and applications related to pharmacology in cardiopulmonary diseases and critical care. Challenge your understanding and deepen your expertise in this vital field.
