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Questions and Answers
What is pharmacology?
What is pharmacology?
The science that deals with drugs regarding classification, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, side effects, and therapeutic uses.
Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the ______.
Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the ______.
drug
Which of the following are branches of pharmacology?
Which of the following are branches of pharmacology?
Pharmacodynamics studies how the body affects a drug.
Pharmacodynamics studies how the body affects a drug.
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What are the four pathways that control drug action?
What are the four pathways that control drug action?
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What is the typical onset time for oral drug administration?
What is the typical onset time for oral drug administration?
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Which of the following routes of drug administration is enteral?
Which of the following routes of drug administration is enteral?
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Drugs administered orally undergo first-pass metabolism in the ______.
Drugs administered orally undergo first-pass metabolism in the ______.
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Rectal administration is suitable for children.
Rectal administration is suitable for children.
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Study Notes
Pharmacology
- The science of drugs
- Includes classification, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, side effects, and therapeutic uses
Drug
- A substance used for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure of disease in animals and humans
Pharmacokinetics
- Describes what the body does to the drug
- It is the study of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism (biotransformation) and Excretion of drugs.
Pharmacodynamics
- The study of the pharmacological and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanism of action of drugs.
Pharmacogenomics
- The study of genetic variations that cause individual differences in drug response.
Branches of Pharmacology
- Medical pharmacology: The study of the beneficial therapeutic effects of chemicals on the body, as well as their toxic effects on parasites infecting the patient.
- Toxicology: The study of the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems.
Pharmacokinetics of Drugs
- Studies of drugs regarding ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion)
- The science dealing with the movement of a drug over time through the body.
Onset of Action (Onset Time)
- The duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to become prominent after administration.
The Peak Time (tmax)
- The time at which the body displays the maximum plasma concentration of a drug.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Enteral (through the gastrointestinal tract)
- Parenteral (injections)
Enteral Routes
- Oral
- Sublingual
- Rectal
Parenteral Routes
- IV (Intravenous)
- SC (Subcutaneous)
- IM (Intramuscular)
Factors Determining Route of Administration
- Properties of the drug (water or lipid solubility, ionization, etc.)
- Therapeutic objectives (rapid onset, long-term administration, localized effect)
Enteral Administration
- Oral: Swallowing the drug (absorption occurs in the stomach and duodenum)
- Sublingual: Placement under the tongue for direct absorption into the bloodstream, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
Advantages of Sublingual Administration
- Rapid absorption
- Rapid onset of action
- Easy removal of excess drug from the mouth
- Bypasses the first-pass effect
Oral Dosage Forms (oral formulations)
- Tablets:
- Coated tablets: sugar-coated for taste masking
- Enteric coated tablets: dissolve only in the intestine
- Capsules:
- Hard gelatin capsules: contain powder
- Soft gelatin capsules: contain liquid
- Syrup (e.g., cough syrups)
- Suspension (mixture of solid in liquids e.g., antibiotics).
Rectal Administration
- Used when the oral route is unavailable.
- Useful if a drug induces vomiting, if the patient is vomiting, or if the patient is unconscious.
- Bypasses the first-pass effect to some extent (50%).
- Suitable for children.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the science of drugs with this Pharmacology Overview Quiz. Explore key concepts like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenomics, and understand the therapeutic uses and classifications of drugs. Perfect for students in the medical and pharmaceutical fields!
