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Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System Quiz
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Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total prescriptions are CNS drugs in England?

  • 19% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 20%
  • 15%

    • What is the estimated cost of CNS drugs to the NHS?

  • £1.2 billion
  • £2.1 billion
  • £1.59 billion (correct)
  • £1.8 billion

    • What is the definition of CNS drugs according to the British National Formulary (BNF)?

  • Includes analgesics, excludes anaesthetics (correct)
  • Excludes both analgesics and anaesthetics
  • Includes analgesics and anaesthetics
  • Excludes analgesics and includes anaesthetics

    • What is the ranking of CNS drugs in terms of prescription items in England?

    <p>2nd most prescribed class of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many prescription items of CNS drugs were there in England in 2022/3?

    <p>230 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of CNS drug prescriptions per person in England?

    <p>4 per person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal ganglia in the brain?

    <p>Motor control and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain?

    <p>Endocrine control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?

    <p>Sensory neurotransmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the amygdala and cingulate gyrus in the brain?

    <p>Emotion and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the brain?

    <p>Motor control and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chemical messengers released by neurons in the CNS?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing GABA from glutamate?

    <p>Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of GABA deactivation?

    <p>B &amp; C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for synthesizing GABA?

    <p>GABAergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of GABA transaminase (GABA-T)?

    <p>A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of GABA transporters?

    <p>To re-uptake GABA from the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following G-protein coupled receptors is associated with presynaptic inhibition?

    <p>M2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in motor control and is affected in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>ACh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the Gs protein on cAMP levels?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the M3 muscarinic receptor?

    <p>Glandular and smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the regulation of arousal, attention, and memory?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the GABAergic neuron in the brain?

    <p>To decrease excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is responsible for the sedative and analgesic effects of adrenoceptor agonists?

    <p>α2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dopamine receptor D2 in the brain?

    <p>To inhibit adenylate cyclase and activate K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-dopa in the synthesis of dopamine?

    <p>Tyrosine hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the regulation of cognitive control and emotions?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the GABA-T enzyme in the brain?

    <p>To convert Glu to GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability and behaviour?

    <p>5-HT2A receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the serotonin transporter SERT in the brain?

    <p>To reuptake serotonin from the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hippocampus is responsible for emotion and memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is responsible for sensory neurotransmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain is a purely electrical machine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is responsible for higher brain functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are released postsynaptically and generate rapid excitatory/inhibitory responses presynaptically.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuromodulators can generate faster responses postsynaptically mainly by G protein-coupled receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an action potential, potassium channels open during the depolarisation phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glial cells are a type of neuronal cell that provides metabolic support for neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ATP-Na+/K+ pump is responsible for generating the resting potential in neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters can act only via ligand-gated ion channels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some chemicals, such as ACh, dopamine, and 5-HT, can only act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 5-HT3 receptor is involved in the inhibition of behavior, including sleep, feeding, and thermoregulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M4 and M5 muscarinic receptors are involved in glandular and smooth muscle function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenosine receptors A1 and A2A are involved in excitatory neurotransmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nicotinic receptors are primarily involved in postsynaptic transmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine receptors H1-3 are primarily involved in motor control and are affected in Parkinson's disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glutamate is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketamine is a medicinal drug that blocks AMPA receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glutamate is synthesized from glucose via the Kreb's cycle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NMDA receptors are only found on postsynaptic neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 3 metabotropic glutamate receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles and released in a Ca2+-independent manner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA is synthesised from aspartate by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA transaminase (GABA-T) is found in the synapses of GABAergic neurons

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GAT1 is responsible for the re-uptake of GABA in astrocytes

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glutaminase is involved in the synthesis of glutamate from glutamine

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABAergic neurons are responsible for the synthesis and release of glutamate

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy of the Brain

    • The brain consists of the mid brain, cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
    • The brain is a chemical machine that controls various functions of higher animals over wide timescales through fast and slow transmission, controlled by chemical mediators and molecular mechanisms.

    Major Functions of the Brain

    • Cerebellum: motor movement/co-ordination
    • Basal ganglia (striatum, substantia nigra): motor movement
    • Limbic system: amygdala and cingulate gyrus (emotion and memory), hippocampus (learning and memory)
    • Thalamus: sensory neurotransmission
    • Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: endocrine control
    • Cerebral cortex: higher brain functions

    Chemical Signalling in the CNS

    • Neurotransmitters: released presynaptically and generate rapid excitatory/inhibitory responses postsynaptically.

    Amino Acid Transmitters

    Glutamate

    • Main excitatory transmitter in the CNS
    • Stored in synaptic vesicles and released by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis
    • Synthesised from glucose (Krebs cycle) or glutamine (pharmacologically inactive) via glial cells
    • Receptors: NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and 8 metabotropic receptors (GPCRs)

    GABA (γ-Aminobutynic acid)

    • Main inhibitory transmitter in the brain
    • Widespread distribution in the brain, highest density in the nigrostriatal system
    • Synthesised in GABAergic neurons (majority short interneurons)
    • Re-uptake by specific transporters: GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) and GAT3
    • Deactivation: GABA transaminase (GABA-T) found in mitochondria of astrocytes and neurons

    Monoamines

    Noradrenaline (NA)

    • Function: arousal, attention/memory, stress, cognitive control, emotions, neuroplasticity, posture, and balance, blood pressure
    • Receptors: adrenoceptors (α1, α2, β1, β2, β3)

    Dopamine (DA)

    • Function: endocrine control, motor control (Parkinson's disease), behaviour, emotion, memory, and learning
    • Receptors: D1 type (Gs coupled, activates adenylate cyclase), D2 type (Gi/o coupled, inhibits adenylate cyclase)

    5-Hydroxytryptamine/serotonin (5-HT)

    • Function: mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition
    • Receptors: 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B/D, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7

    Acetylcholine (ACh)

    • Function: motor control (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea), arousal (Alzheimer's disease), learning, and short-term memory
    • Receptors: muscarinic (mAChR) and nicotinic (nAChR)

    Other CNS Mediators

    • Purines: adenosine (A1 and A2A), ATP (P2X)
    • Histamine: H1-3, widespread in brain, anti-histamine used to control nausea/vomiting (motion sickness), induce sleep

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    Related Documents

    CNS intro pt1 BMS2047 grey - updated.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the central nervous system, its anatomy and functions, and the different types of chemical signaling involved. Learn about CNS disorders and mediators, including amino acid transmitters and monoamines.

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