Pharmacology of Muscle Relaxants

<p>Intake and output (I&amp;O) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS depressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid hyperkalemia complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It carries a high risk of developing hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baclofen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mimics the actions of GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of muscarine receptors in the GU tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myasthenia gravis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Succinylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relief from muscle spasm related to injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme muscarinic stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxybutynin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit bladder contractions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase dietary fiber and fluid intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolterodine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mimics ACh by binding with cholinergic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It degrades succinylcholine, leading to a short duration of action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General anesthesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit ACh from binding at the motor end plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To induce muscle paralysis during electroconvulsive therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neostigmine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To boost memory recall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained depolarization of muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withhold medication if pseudocholinesterase activity is low. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle rigidity and increased temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor vital signs and have life support equipment available. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen administration at 100% is necessary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle pain in the upper body and back can be common. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stop succinylcholine and other anesthetics immediately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dantrolene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Place ice bags in groin and other areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe burns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer oxygen at 100% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor core body temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual hallucinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid alcohol and CNS depressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases intraocular pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should be taken with meals to enhance absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer ice to the axilla and groin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A medication that temporarily paralyzes muscles by mimicking acetylcholine (ACh) and binding to cholinergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents ACh from binding, leading to sustained muscle depolarization and paralysis. It's broken down quickly by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase.

A type of medication that blocks the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction, preventing nerve signals from reaching muscles and causing paralysis.

A specific type of neuromuscular blocking agent that works by preventing acetylcholine (ACh) from binding to receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This inhibits nerve depolarization and prevents muscle contraction.

A medication used to reverse the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents. It works by increasing acetylcholine (ACh) levels, allowing nerve signals to reach muscles again.

A type of medication that relaxes muscles by affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are used for conditions like spasticity and muscle spasms.

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents as a part of general anesthesia to relax muscles during surgery.

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents to control spontaneous muscle movements in patients who are on a ventilator.

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents to reduce seizures during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a treatment for some mental health conditions.

Baclofen is a medication used to treat muscle spasms and rigidity.

Baclofen can cause nausea, constipation, and difficulty urinating.

It's important to take Baclofen exactly as prescribed by your doctor and not stop taking it abruptly.

Baclofen can interact with other medications that slow down the central nervous system (CNS).

The effectiveness of Baclofen can be assessed by observing a reduction in muscle spasms, improved range of motion, and an increase in the ability to perform daily activities.

A serious, potentially life-threatening condition that occurs during or after general anesthesia. It's characterized by muscle rigidity, increased temperature, and rapid heart rate.

A medication that reverses the effects of certain neuromuscular blocking agents.

This enzyme plays a role in breaking down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for muscle contraction.

A medication that helps reduce the effects of malignant hyperthermia by decreasing the metabolic activity of skeletal muscle.

Pain that can occur in the upper body and back after surgery. Often attributed to the use of neuromuscular blocking agents.

A healthcare professional responsible for monitoring clients receiving neuromuscular blocking agents.

An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood.

A medication that temporarily paralyzes muscles, used during surgery and mechanical ventilation.

A class of drugs that relax muscles, often used to reduce muscle spasms.

Succinylcholine is contraindicated in clients with severe burns, multiple trauma, or upper motor neuron injury because it can cause dangerously high potassium levels.

A type of muscle relaxant that acts directly on the central nervous system, affecting the brain and spinal cord.

A type of muscle relaxant that acts on the muscles themselves, not the nervous system.

Neuromuscular blockers aren't sedatives, they don't affect awareness, pain perception, or thinking abilities. They just relax muscles.

Using general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockers can lead to very strong muscle paralysis.

A group of medications that mimic the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) at muscarinic receptors, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and urinary bladder.

A medication that stimulates muscarinic receptors in the bladder, leading to relaxation of the bladder sphincter and contraction of the bladder muscle, which helps promote urination.

A group of medications that block the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) at muscarinic receptors, primarily in the bladder.

A medication that selectively blocks M3 muscarinic receptors in the bladder, reducing bladder muscle contractions and preventing the urge to urinate frequently.

The most common side effect of muscarinic antagonists, including oxybutynin.

A condition characterized by frequent and involuntary bladder contractions, leading to a strong urge to urinate.

A medication used to treat overactive bladder by selectively blocking M3 muscarinic receptors in the bladder.

A medication used to treat overactive bladder by selectively blocking M3 muscarinic receptors in the bladder, similar to darifenacin.

Succinylcholine is a medication that causes temporary muscle paralysis. It's contraindicated for clients with risk factors for hyperkalemia, a dangerous increase in potassium levels. This is because succinylcholine can cause muscle breakdown, which releases potassium into the bloodstream.

A cooling blanket, ice packs on the axilla and groin, and iced IV fluids can all help reduce a client's body temperature, especially in cases of malignant hyperthermia.

Baclofen is a medication used to treat muscle spasms. It's typically started at a low dose and gradually increased to minimize the risk of central nervous system (CNS) depression.

Baclofen can interact with other medications that depress the CNS, potentially leading to increased sedation or other adverse effects. Therefore, clients should avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants while taking baclofen.

Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication that can increase intraocular pressure. It's contraindicated for clients who have glaucoma, a condition that already affects intraocular pressure.

Abruptly stopping baclofen can lead to serious side effects, including visual hallucinations and seizures. It's important to gradually decrease the dose under medical supervision.

Baclofen can cause constipation, so it's recommended that clients increase their fluid intake and fiber consumption to help prevent this side effect.

Malignant hyperthermia is a serious condition that can develop during or after general anesthesia. Clients with this condition are at risk for hyperkalemia, so it's crucial to monitor potassium levels and take appropriate measures.