54 Questions
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves that contributes to erection?
Nitric oxide
What is the effect of sympathetic nerves on blood vessels during erection?
Constriction of blood vessels
What is the process by which nitric oxide is released at the synapse?
Action potential causes release of calcium into the synapse
What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in treating erectile dysfunction?
Increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate degradation
What is the primary cause of erectile dysfunction in men over 40?
Mixed aetiology
What is the effect of detumescence on the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum?
Increased venous outflow
Which of the following medications is a non-selective alpha blocker that causes smooth muscle relaxation?
Phentolamine
What is the primary mechanism of action of papaverine in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5
Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of alprostadil injections?
Urinary incontinence
What is the primary mechanism of action of PGE1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
Direct vasodilation
Which of the following is a potential complication of intercavernous injections?
Injection site hematoma
What is the primary mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
Direct vasodilation
What enzyme is responsible for breaking down cGMP into GMP?
Phosphodiesterase 5
What is the mechanism by which nitric oxide leaves the synapse?
Simple diffusion
What is the role of parasympathetic arousal pathways in the mechanism of PDE5 inhibitors?
Stimulating the release of nitric oxide
What is the therapeutic priority in the treatment of erectile dysfunction using PDE5 inhibitors?
Inhibit the breakdown of cGMP
What is the site of action of PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
Corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum
What is the effect of sildenafil citrate on the eyes?
Blue tinge
What is the mechanism by which the parasympathetic nervous system controls urination?
Activation of muscarinic M3 cholinergic receptors, leading to contraction of the detrusor muscle
What is the primary cause of 'urge' incontinence?
Detrusor muscle overactivity due to inflammation or irritation
Which receptor type is responsible for contraction of the urethral sphincter?
Alpha 1 adrenoceptors
What is the mechanism of action of alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonists in treating stress incontinence?
GPCR-mediated contraction, leading to increase in urethral pressure
What is the primary mechanism of action of duloxetine in treating stress incontinence?
Inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake, leading to increased contraction of the urethral sphincter
What is the primary side effect of alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonists?
All of the above
What is the primary effect of noradrenaline on A1 receptors in relation to urinary incontinence?
It has an agonistic effect, leading to a longer duration of action
What is the primary mechanism of action of oestrogen therapy in reducing urinary incontinence in menopausal women?
It has an anabolic effect on the urethral mucosa, reducing the urethral diameter
Which type of receptors do muscarinic antagonists like oxybutynin target in the treatment of urinary incontinence?
M3 receptors
What is the primary indication for using beta 3 agonists like mirabegron in the treatment of urinary incontinence?
When muscarinic antagonists are contraindicated or clinically ineffective
What is the primary advantage of oestrogen therapy in reducing urinary incontinence in menopausal women?
It has a low risk of side effects due to limited bloodstream absorption
What is the primary side effect of muscarinic antagonists like oxybutynin in the treatment of urinary incontinence?
Dry mouth
What is the primary mechanism by which stress incontinence occurs?
The pressure inside the bladder exceeds that applied by the urethra
What is the estimated prevalence of urinary incontinence in the adult female population?
Around 10%
Which of the following is a common scenario in which stress incontinence may occur?
During coughing, sneezing, laughter, etc.
What is the term for the demonstrable involuntary loss of urine?
Urinary incontinence
What is the common cause of displacement of the urethra downwards through the pelvic floor and out of the abdomen?
Childbirth
What is the comparative prevalence of urinary incontinence in males and females?
More common in females
What is the primary mechanism of action of prostate shrinkers in treating enlarged prostate?
They inhibit the activity of 5-alpha-reductase
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of prostate growth?
It mediates the growth of prostatic cells through the release of noradrenaline
What is the effect of finasteride on prostate size and the need for surgery?
It reduces prostate size by approximately 20% and the need for surgery by approximately 50%
What is the primary side effect of finasteride in treating enlarged prostate?
Loss of libido
What is the mechanism of action of finasteride in treating enlarged prostate?
It is a reversible competitive inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase
Which type of receptors is targeted by phentolamine to cause smooth muscle relaxation?
Non-selective alpha receptors
What is the primary mechanism of action of papaverine in treating erectile dysfunction?
Inhibition of PDE5, increasing cGMP concentration
What is the role of androgens in prostate growth?
They stimulate the growth of prostatic cells
What is the primary mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
Direct vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the penis
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves that contributes to erection?
Nitric oxide
What is the primary mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in treating erectile dysfunction?
Inhibition of PDE5, increasing cGMP concentration
What is the primary effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the smooth muscle of the penis?
Contraction, decreasing blood flow to the penis
What is the primary effect of noradrenaline on the blood vessels during erection?
Contraction of smooth muscle
What is the primary mechanism by which phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors enhance erectile function?
Increased levels of cGMP
What is the primary role of parasympathetic nervous system in the regulation of erection?
Release of nitric oxide
Which of the following is a consequence of inhibition of sympathetic nervous system in the context of erection?
Relaxation of smooth muscle
What is the primary mechanism of nitric oxide release at the synapse?
Action potential causing release of calcium into the synapse
What is the primary consequence of activation of sympathetic nervous system in the context of erection?
Detumescence
Test your knowledge on the pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Learn about the key drugs used to treat these conditions and their pharmacological rationale.
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