Pharmacology of Men's Health Issues
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves that contributes to erection?

  • Nitric oxide (correct)
  • Acetylcholine
  • Adrenaline
  • Norepinephrine

    • What is the effect of sympathetic nerves on blood vessels during erection?

  • Increased venous outflow
  • No effect on blood vessels
  • Constriction of blood vessels (correct)
  • Dilation of blood vessels

    • What is the process by which nitric oxide is released at the synapse?

  • Action potential causes release of calcium into the synapse (correct)
  • Calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nitric oxide is released spontaneously
  • Synaptic vesicle exocytosis

    • What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in treating erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of erectile dysfunction in men over 40?

    <p>Mixed aetiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of detumescence on the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum?

    <p>Increased venous outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a non-selective alpha blocker that causes smooth muscle relaxation?

    <p>Phentolamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of papaverine in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of alprostadil injections?

    <p>Urinary incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of PGE1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Direct vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of intercavernous injections?

    <p>Injection site hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Direct vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for breaking down cGMP into GMP?

    <p>Phosphodiesterase 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which nitric oxide leaves the synapse?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parasympathetic arousal pathways in the mechanism of PDE5 inhibitors?

    <p>Stimulating the release of nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic priority in the treatment of erectile dysfunction using PDE5 inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit the breakdown of cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of action of PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sildenafil citrate on the eyes?

    <p>Blue tinge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the parasympathetic nervous system controls urination?

    <p>Activation of muscarinic M3 cholinergic receptors, leading to contraction of the detrusor muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of 'urge' incontinence?

    <p>Detrusor muscle overactivity due to inflammation or irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is responsible for contraction of the urethral sphincter?

    <p>Alpha 1 adrenoceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonists in treating stress incontinence?

    <p>GPCR-mediated contraction, leading to increase in urethral pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of duloxetine in treating stress incontinence?

    <p>Inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake, leading to increased contraction of the urethral sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary side effect of alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonists?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of noradrenaline on A1 receptors in relation to urinary incontinence?

    <p>It has an agonistic effect, leading to a longer duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of oestrogen therapy in reducing urinary incontinence in menopausal women?

    <p>It has an anabolic effect on the urethral mucosa, reducing the urethral diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors do muscarinic antagonists like oxybutynin target in the treatment of urinary incontinence?

    <p>M3 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using beta 3 agonists like mirabegron in the treatment of urinary incontinence?

    <p>When muscarinic antagonists are contraindicated or clinically ineffective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of oestrogen therapy in reducing urinary incontinence in menopausal women?

    <p>It has a low risk of side effects due to limited bloodstream absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary side effect of muscarinic antagonists like oxybutynin in the treatment of urinary incontinence?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which stress incontinence occurs?

    <p>The pressure inside the bladder exceeds that applied by the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of urinary incontinence in the adult female population?

    <p>Around 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common scenario in which stress incontinence may occur?

    <p>During coughing, sneezing, laughter, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the demonstrable involuntary loss of urine?

    <p>Urinary incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of displacement of the urethra downwards through the pelvic floor and out of the abdomen?

    <p>Childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the comparative prevalence of urinary incontinence in males and females?

    <p>More common in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of prostate shrinkers in treating enlarged prostate?

    <p>They inhibit the activity of 5-alpha-reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of prostate growth?

    <p>It mediates the growth of prostatic cells through the release of noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of finasteride on prostate size and the need for surgery?

    <p>It reduces prostate size by approximately 20% and the need for surgery by approximately 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary side effect of finasteride in treating enlarged prostate?

    <p>Loss of libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of finasteride in treating enlarged prostate?

    <p>It is a reversible competitive inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors is targeted by phentolamine to cause smooth muscle relaxation?

    <p>Non-selective alpha receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of papaverine in treating erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Inhibition of PDE5, increasing cGMP concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of androgens in prostate growth?

    <p>They stimulate the growth of prostatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Direct vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves that contributes to erection?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in treating erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Inhibition of PDE5, increasing cGMP concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the smooth muscle of the penis?

    <p>Contraction, decreasing blood flow to the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of noradrenaline on the blood vessels during erection?

    <p>Contraction of smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors enhance erectile function?

    <p>Increased levels of cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of parasympathetic nervous system in the regulation of erection?

    <p>Release of nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inhibition of sympathetic nervous system in the context of erection?

    <p>Relaxation of smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of nitric oxide release at the synapse?

    <p>Action potential causing release of calcium into the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of activation of sympathetic nervous system in the context of erection?

    <p>Detumescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

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