Pharmacology of Lipid-Lowering Agents

<p>Atorvastatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clofibrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selectively inhibiting intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol and phytosterols. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active liver disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low incidence of impaired hepatic function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pregnant and breastfeeding women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antihyperlipidaemic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit cholesterol synthesis, which is crucial for fetal and infant development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All statins except atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, because cholesterol biosynthesis occurs predominantly at night. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lovastatin and simvastatin are inactive prodrugs that are hydrolyzed to their active forms in the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stabilize atherosclerotic plaques and prevent further cardiovascular events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased excretion of bile acids, leading to increased hepatic LDL receptor expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in LDL, increase in VLDL-TG, and variable effect on HDL. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting lipolysis in peripheral tissues, reducing VLDL secretion, and decreasing hepatic triglyceride esterification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can further increase VLDL-TG levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostaglandin mediation, relieved by taking aspirin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malabsorption of vitamin K due to cholestyramine binding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases plasma VLDL-TG and LDL. Increases plasma HDL. Decreases plasma Lp(a) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It commonly causes birth defects in experimental animals and lacks demonstrated safety and efficacy in children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased de novo production of bile acids from cholesterol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Take the other medication one hour before or four hours after the bile acid sequestrant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are cationic resins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pruritus in cholestatic patients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are not absorbed and can bind water and increase bulk in the intestine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased uptake of LDL and IDL from plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to LDL receptors, preventing their recycling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals experiencing statin intolerance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce plasma Lp(a) levels by approximately 25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pregnant women due to limited safety data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild gastrointestinal symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statins and resins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% of maximum dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statins and fibrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of rhabdomyolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrates and resins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statins and ezetimibe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition characterized by markedly elevated chylomicron levels, resulting in increased triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol.

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors used to lower LDL cholesterol levels.

A class of drugs effective in lowering triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol.

A disorder marked by elevated VLDL and IDL, leading to increased cholesterol levels.

A condition with increased IDL and beta-lipoproteins, associated with high cholesterol and triglycerides.

A drug that selectively inhibits intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol and phytosterols.

Ezetimibe causes decreased total cholesterol and LDL, with minimal increase in HDL.

Can cause muscle weakness and pancreatitis; low risk of liver function impairment, especially with statins.

Use cautiously in pregnancy, breastfeeding, active liver disease, and abnormal liver tests.

Used in hypercholesterolemia, phytosterolemia, and in children with familial hypercholesterolemia.

A vitamin (B3) that lowers VLDL and LDL levels.

Inhibits lipolysis, VLDL secretion, and raises lipoprotein lipase activity.

Decreases VLDL-TG by 20-80%, LDL by 10-15%, and increases HDL.

Includes cutaneous flush, vomiting, diarrhea, and hyperglycemia.

Contraindicated in pregnancy and children; causes birth defects.

Statins (except atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) should be taken in the evening.

Inactive prodrugs activated in the liver, lowering LDL levels.

Increased myopathy risk with amiodarone or verapamil.

Drugs that bind bile acids in the intestine to lower cholesterol.

A bile acid binding resin used to treat hypercholesterolemia.

Another bile acid binding resin that reduces LDL cholesterol levels.

Resins bind bile acids, preventing their reabsorption.

Reduces LDL by 20% while possibly increasing VLDL-TG.

Include bloating, nausea, and constipation.

Used for hypercholesterolemia and pruritis in cholestasis.

Not recommended in severe hypertriglyceridemia.

Administer other drugs 1 hour before or 4 hours after resins.

Drugs like Evolocumab and Alirocumab that inhibit PCSK9 enzyme to lower LDL levels.

PCSK9 inhibitors decrease plasma LDL cholesterol by 50-60% while increasing HDL by 5-10%.

May include injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms, and headaches; hypersensitivity is rare.

Ezetimibe decreases plasma LDL levels.

Ezetimibe increases plasma HDL levels.

Clinical indication for Ezetimibe use is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Ezetimibe works well with statins to lower LDL further.

High doses of statins with nicotinic acid increase myopathy risk.

Combining fibrates with statins can lead to rhabdomyolysis risk.

Currently, Ezetimibe is in Phase 3 clinical trials and not on the market.