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Questions and Answers
What is the resulting functional group from the oxidation of a primary alcohol?
What is the resulting functional group from the oxidation of a primary alcohol?
- Carboxylic acid (correct)
- Ketone
- Ester
- Aldehyde
Which of the following reactions does not involve the formation of a NH2 group?
Which of the following reactions does not involve the formation of a NH2 group?
- Reduction of azo compounds
- Oxidation of primary alcohols (correct)
- Reduction of nitro compounds
- Hydrolysis of amides
What is the product of the hydrolysis of an ester?
What is the product of the hydrolysis of an ester?
- Carboxylic acid and an alcohol (correct)
- Amide and an alcohol
- Carboxylic acid and an aldehyde
- Amide and a carboxylic acid
Which of the following compounds cannot be reduced to form a NH2 group?
Which of the following compounds cannot be reduced to form a NH2 group?
What is the byproduct of the hydrolysis of an amide?
What is the byproduct of the hydrolysis of an amide?
What is the primary reason the liver is the most important organ in drug metabolism and detoxification?
What is the primary reason the liver is the most important organ in drug metabolism and detoxification?
What types of compounds does the liver metabolize and detoxify?
What types of compounds does the liver metabolize and detoxify?
Why is the liver considered a critical organ in the body?
Why is the liver considered a critical organ in the body?
What is the significance of the liver's dual blood supply system in drug metabolism?
What is the significance of the liver's dual blood supply system in drug metabolism?
What is a unique feature of the liver that enables it to perform its functions in drug metabolism?
What is a unique feature of the liver that enables it to perform its functions in drug metabolism?
What is the first part of a cytochrome's classification?
What is the first part of a cytochrome's classification?
Which of the following is an example of a cytochrome subfamily?
Which of the following is an example of a cytochrome subfamily?
What is the purpose of the capital letter in a cytochrome's classification?
What is the purpose of the capital letter in a cytochrome's classification?
What is the correct order of a cytochrome's classification?
What is the correct order of a cytochrome's classification?
Which part of a cytochrome's classification is not mentioned in the passage?
Which part of a cytochrome's classification is not mentioned in the passage?
What is the purpose of the number at the end of the cytochrome name?
What is the purpose of the number at the end of the cytochrome name?
What is the general term for the enzymes denoted by the 'CYP' prefix?
What is the general term for the enzymes denoted by the 'CYP' prefix?
What is the major distinction between different cytochrome P450 enzymes?
What is the major distinction between different cytochrome P450 enzymes?
What is the purpose of the 'CYP' prefix in enzyme names?
What is the purpose of the 'CYP' prefix in enzyme names?
What is the significance of the 'CYP' prefix in understanding enzyme function?
What is the significance of the 'CYP' prefix in understanding enzyme function?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Diazepam in the liver?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Diazepam in the liver?
What is the result of demethylation of the amine group in Diazepam?
What is the result of demethylation of the amine group in Diazepam?
What is the purpose of adding an acetyl group to the active compound?
What is the purpose of adding an acetyl group to the active compound?
What is the result of hydroxylation of the third position of the compound?
What is the result of hydroxylation of the third position of the compound?
What is the role of the liver in the metabolism of Diazepam?
What is the role of the liver in the metabolism of Diazepam?
What is the effect of deesterification on the compound?
What is the effect of deesterification on the compound?
What is the purpose of administering Diazepam in ester form?
What is the purpose of administering Diazepam in ester form?
What is the result of converting the active compound to an inactive form?
What is the result of converting the active compound to an inactive form?
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Study Notes
Drug Metabolism
- Diazepam is taken in ester form and undergoes several steps of metabolism to produce an inactive compound when it reaches the liver.
- Deesterification occurs in the liver, converting the ester form to its active form.
Enzymatic Reactions
- Addition of acetyl groups to the active compound to inactivate it (e.g., acetylation of isoniazid)
- Hydroxylation of the third position of the compound (e.g., diazepam)
- Demethylation of amine groups
- Oxidation of alcohols to acids
- Hydrolysis of esters and amides to yield COOH, NH2, and OH groups
- Reduction of azo and nitro compounds to give NH2 moieties
Sites of Drug Biotransformation
- The liver is the most important organ in drug metabolism and detoxification of endogenous and exogenous compounds.
- The liver contains a wide range of enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes
- CYP enzymes are a superfamily of enzymes responsible for various drug metabolism reactions.
- The CYP enzyme name is composed of:
- A number specifying the cytochrome family (CYP1, CYP2, CYP3, etc.)
- A capital letter representing the subfamily (CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP2A, CYP2B, CYP3B, etc.)
- A number specifying the specific enzyme responsible for a particular reaction (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, etc.)
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