18 Questions
What are the main compartments of the human eye?
The main compartments of the human eye are the cornea, iris, lens, ciliary body, and vitreous humor.
What is the difference between miosis and mydriasis?
Miosis is the constriction of the pupil, which can be due to either the contraction of the circular muscle or the relaxation of the radial muscle. Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, which can be due to either the contraction of the radial muscle or the relaxation of the circular muscle.
How is the diameter of the pupil (pupil size) and the amount of light entering the eye regulated?
The diameter of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye is regulated by two sets of smooth muscles: the radial muscles innervated by adrenergic fibers (containing alpha1-receptors) and the circular muscles innervated by cholinergic fibers (containing M3-receptors).
What are the different routes of drug administration to the eye?
The different routes of drug administration to the eye include topical administration (eye drops, eye ointments, eye lotions), local injections, and systemic treatment.
What are the advantages of using eye drops for drug administration?
The main advantage of using eye drops for drug administration is that they are principally absorbed through the cornea and have a short drug-eye contact time.
What are ophthalmic anesthetics used for?
To block pain signals at the nerve endings in the eyes
What are the physiological barriers that limit the penetration of systemically administered drugs to the eye?
The physiological barriers that limit the penetration of systemically administered drugs to the eye include the various anatomical structures and protective mechanisms of the eye.
Give an example of a mydriatic medication and its duration of action.
Tropicamide: (Mydriacyl) 0.5% and 1%. Action up to 6 hours
What is the purpose of using sympathetic agonists in eye treatment?
To stimulate the iris dilator muscle
Define Glaucoma.
Disease of the eye in which fluid pressure within the eye rises
List three symptoms associated with Glaucoma.
Loss of peripheral vision, sensitivity to light and glare, problems with night vision
Describe the pathophysiology of Glaucoma.
The aqueous humor is a transparent, gelatinous fluid secreted from the ciliary epithelium.
What is the primary cause of increased intraocular pressure in glaucoma?
Buildup of aqueous humor within the eye.
Which receptors are responsible for the secretion of aqueous humor?
B2-Receptors on the ciliary epithelium.
How does contraction of the ciliary muscle affect intraocular pressure (IOP)?
Ciliary muscle contraction increases the flow of aqueous humor, decreasing IOP.
What is the mechanism of action of prostaglandin analogs in treating open-angle glaucoma?
Prostaglandin analogs increase the outflow of aqueous humor.
How do beta blockers lower intraocular pressure?
Beta blockers reduce the production of aqueous humor by blocking the sympathetic nervous system.
What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating glaucoma?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce the production of aqueous humor.
Explore the study of how drugs affect human eyes in the field of pharmacology. Learn about the specialized sensory organ, the main compartments of the human eye, and the role of pupil diameter in vision.
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