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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the study of how different drug forms affect the way a drug interacts with the body?
Which of the following best describes the study of how different drug forms affect the way a drug interacts with the body?
The movement of a drug from its administration site into the bloodstream is known as:
The movement of a drug from its administration site into the bloodstream is known as:
Which route of drug administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract?
Which route of drug administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the term for the amount of drug available for absorption after it has reached the liver?
What is the term for the amount of drug available for absorption after it has reached the liver?
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Which of the following best describes the process of drug distribution?
Which of the following best describes the process of drug distribution?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for the excretion of drugs from the body?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the excretion of drugs from the body?
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Which of these factors does NOT affect drug distribution?
Which of these factors does NOT affect drug distribution?
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What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism?
What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism?
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What term describes how a drug affects the body, including its mechanism of action?
What term describes how a drug affects the body, including its mechanism of action?
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Which of the following statements regarding drug metabolism is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding drug metabolism is correct?
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What does the term 'agonist' refer to in the context of receptor interactions?
What does the term 'agonist' refer to in the context of receptor interactions?
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A drug with a low therapeutic index requires close monitoring because:
A drug with a low therapeutic index requires close monitoring because:
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What is the 'trough level' of a drug?
What is the 'trough level' of a drug?
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Which of the following is a focus of pharmacogenomics?
Which of the following is a focus of pharmacogenomics?
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What is a key consideration for pediatric patients when administering drugs?
What is a key consideration for pediatric patients when administering drugs?
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Which of the following best describes 'Empirical Therapy' in the context of pharmacotherapeutics?
Which of the following best describes 'Empirical Therapy' in the context of pharmacotherapeutics?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology
- Pharmacology: The study of how various drug forms influence how drugs affect the body, including dissolution and absorption.
- Pharmacokinetics: The study of what the body does to a drug from administration until elimination. This includes:
- Absorption: Movement of a drug from administration site into the bloodstream. Dosage forms affect dissolution and onset of action.
- Distribution: Transport of the drug by bloodstream to its site of action.
- Metabolism (Biotransformation): Biochemical alteration of the drug, primarily in the liver.
- Excretion: Elimination of drugs from the body, primarily through the kidneys.
- Dosage Forms:
- Enteral: Absorbed through the stomach or intestines (e.g., oral, sublingual, buccal, enteric-coated).
- Parenteral: Bypasses the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular).
- Topical: Applied directly to the skin, eyes, etc. (e.g., skin creams, eye drops).
- Bioavailability: The amount of drug available for absorption after reaching the liver. First-pass effect reduces bioavailability for oral drugs. Intravenous drugs have 100% bioavailability.
- Factors Affecting Distribution:
- Plasma membranes: Drugs cross membranes to reach target cells.
- Protein binding: Only unbound drug is active.
- Physiological processes: Enzymes, phagocytes, immune system can impact distribution.
Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacodynamics: The study of how a drug affects the body. This involves:
- Mechanism of action (e.g., receptor interactions, enzyme interactions, non-selective interactions).
- Receptor interactions: Drugs bind to receptors on cell surfaces or inside cells. High affinity drugs are more likely to bind. Agonists elicit a response, antagonists block a response.
- Enzyme interactions: Drugs can inhibit or enhance enzyme activity.
- Therapeutic index: The ratio of a drug's toxic level to its therapeutic level; a low index means a narrow margin of safety.
- Onset of action: Time needed for therapeutic response.
- Peak blood level: Highest level of drug in the blood.
- Trough blood level: Lowest level of drug in the blood.
- Duration of action: Length of time drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a response.
- Toxicity: Occurs if blood level is too high.
Pharmacotherapeutics
- Pharmacotherapeutics: The use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.
- Types of therapy include: acute, maintenance, supplemental, palliative, supportive, prophylactic, and empirical.
- Pharmacogenomics: The study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs. This tries to personalize drug therapy based on genetic makeup. (Genetic variations in drug metabolism).
Drug Interactions and Tolerance/Dependence
- Drug interactions: Alteration of one drug's action by another (additive, synergistic, antagonistic effects).
- Tolerance and dependence:
- Tolerance: Decreasing response to repeated drug doses.
- Dependence:
- Physical dependence: Physiological need to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
- Psychological dependence (addiction): Obsessive desire for a drug.
General Info in Pharmacology
- Metabolism: Biochemical alteration of a drug (primarily in the liver), aka biotransformation. Often involves cytochrome P450 enzymes.
- Excretion: Removal of drugs from the body (primarily through the kidneys). Liver and bowel play a role as well.
Additional considerations
- Patient-focused considerations: Special care needed for children, neonates, and older adults due to age-related variation in pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and organ function.
- Drug conversions: Drugs can be converted into metabolites that may be inactive, more soluble, more potent, or less potent/active forms.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of pharmacology, including drug forms and their effects on the body. It covers key topics such as pharmacokinetics, dosage forms, and bioavailability. Test your understanding of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
