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Questions and Answers
What role do inert constituents play in pharmaceutical products?
What role do inert constituents play in pharmaceutical products?
- They enhance pharmacologic activity.
- They act as active ingredients.
- They reduce the stability of the formulation.
- They have no pharmacologic activity. (correct)
How do secondary constituents influence drugs?
How do secondary constituents influence drugs?
- By ensuring stability and quality. (correct)
- By making the drug less effective.
- By decreasing the shelf life of the product.
- By improving the pharmacologic activity.
Which factors influence secondary constituents in pharmaceutical products?
Which factors influence secondary constituents in pharmaceutical products?
- Heredity, ontogeny, and environment. (correct)
- Heredity, ontogeny, and storage conditions.
- Temperature and humidity only.
- Heredity, ontogeny, and formulation processes.
What is the purpose of milling and grinding in relation to active constituents?
What is the purpose of milling and grinding in relation to active constituents?
What is the effect of coloring matter in the formulation of drugs?
What is the effect of coloring matter in the formulation of drugs?
What is the function of curing in drug formulation?
What is the function of curing in drug formulation?
Which fatty acid has the molecular structure known as 16:1?
Which fatty acid has the molecular structure known as 16:1?
Which of the following fatty acids is classified as essential?
Which of the following fatty acids is classified as essential?
What is a common characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
What is a common characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
What characteristic distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?
What characteristic distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?
Which fatty acid has a molecular structure represented as 18:2?
Which fatty acid has a molecular structure represented as 18:2?
What is the primary role of fatty acids in living organisms?
What is the primary role of fatty acids in living organisms?
Which of the following fatty acids is primarily derived from animal sources?
Which of the following fatty acids is primarily derived from animal sources?
Which fatty acid corresponds to the structure 20:4?
Which fatty acid corresponds to the structure 20:4?
What is sodium morrhuate primarily used for?
What is sodium morrhuate primarily used for?
What does the saponification value measure?
What does the saponification value measure?
Which acid is a dicarboxylic acid and is noted for its anti-acne properties?
Which acid is a dicarboxylic acid and is noted for its anti-acne properties?
What is the iodine value number calculated from?
What is the iodine value number calculated from?
Palmitic acid is categorized as what type of fatty acid?
Palmitic acid is categorized as what type of fatty acid?
What is required to neutralize free fatty acids in sodium morrhuate?
What is required to neutralize free fatty acids in sodium morrhuate?
The term 'saponification' refers to which process?
The term 'saponification' refers to which process?
Which compound is used as an antisclerosing agent derived from castor oil?
Which compound is used as an antisclerosing agent derived from castor oil?
Which amino acid is not considered chiral?
Which amino acid is not considered chiral?
What characteristic defines an amphoteric substance?
What characteristic defines an amphoteric substance?
What is an isoelectric species?
What is an isoelectric species?
Which of the following represents the concept of isoelectric pH (pI)?
Which of the following represents the concept of isoelectric pH (pI)?
What is true about a zwitter ion?
What is true about a zwitter ion?
Which amino acid is a dimer formed from cysteine?
Which amino acid is a dimer formed from cysteine?
What is the simplest unit of carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars?
What is the simplest unit of carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars?
Which carbohydrate serves as the main energy source produced during photosynthesis?
Which carbohydrate serves as the main energy source produced during photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in plants?
Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in plants?
What type of carbohydrate is ribose?
What type of carbohydrate is ribose?
Which functional role of carbohydrates is related to their contribution to cell structure?
Which functional role of carbohydrates is related to their contribution to cell structure?
What is a characteristic test for identifying pentoses in carbohydrates?
What is a characteristic test for identifying pentoses in carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
What is the empirical formula common to carbohydrates?
What is the empirical formula common to carbohydrates?
Which carbohydrate type is accurately described as a polyhydric aldehyde or ketone?
Which carbohydrate type is accurately described as a polyhydric aldehyde or ketone?
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Study Notes
Inert and Active Constituents
- Inert constituents are non-active components with no pharmacological activity, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, albumin, and suberin.
- Active constituents are differentiated through hydrolysis and facilitate processes like milling and grinding.
- Inert constituents serve to remove bulk, converting drugs into more manageable forms, and assist in coloring and preservation.
Secondary Constituents
- Influenced by heredity (genetic composition), ontogeny (development stage), and carbohydrates.
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules and the first product of photosynthesis, primarily forming glucose.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides categorize carbohydrates.
- Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars and undergo mutarotation.
- Key examples of monosaccharides include:
- Diose (2C): Hydroxyacetaldehyde
- Triose (3C): Includes aldotriose (glyceraldehyde) and ketotriose (dihydroxyacetone)
- Pentose (5C): Ribose (found in RNA) and xylose (“wood sugar”)
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Serve as a source and storage of energy, with starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
- Structural components, notably cellulose and chitin.
- Glycoproteins are important cell components.
Fats and Fatty Acids
- Composed of esters of fatty acids and glycerols, categorized into fixed oils, waxes, and unsaturated fats.
- Fatty acids are categorized as saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (at least one double bond).
- Essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and arachidonic acids, play significant roles in health.
USP Tests for Oils and Fats
- Testing includes acid value (neutralization of free fatty acids) and saponification value (amount of KOH required to neutralize free fatty acids).
Amino Acids
- Building blocks of proteins, presenting chirality and optical activity, except for glycine.
- Exist as zwitterions, which are molecules with both positive and negative charges, making them electrically neutral.
- Isoelectric pH (pI) is the point where the number of positive and negative charges is equal.
Miscellaneous Compounds
- Sodium morrhuate acts as an antisclerosing agent derived from cod liver oil.
- Azelaic acid, a saturated dicarboxylic acid, exhibits anti-acne properties.
Important Concepts
- Chirality refers to the mirror-image forms of molecules that exhibit optical activity.
- Essential amino acids must be obtained through diet, while non-essential ones can be synthesized by the body.
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