Pharmacology: Inert vs Active Constituents

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Questions and Answers

What role do inert constituents play in pharmaceutical products?

  • They enhance pharmacologic activity.
  • They act as active ingredients.
  • They reduce the stability of the formulation.
  • They have no pharmacologic activity. (correct)

How do secondary constituents influence drugs?

  • By ensuring stability and quality. (correct)
  • By making the drug less effective.
  • By decreasing the shelf life of the product.
  • By improving the pharmacologic activity.

Which factors influence secondary constituents in pharmaceutical products?

  • Heredity, ontogeny, and environment. (correct)
  • Heredity, ontogeny, and storage conditions.
  • Temperature and humidity only.
  • Heredity, ontogeny, and formulation processes.

What is the purpose of milling and grinding in relation to active constituents?

<p>To convert the drug to a more convenient form for handling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of coloring matter in the formulation of drugs?

<p>It fixes the constituent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of curing in drug formulation?

<p>To enhance the properties of the active ingredient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid has the molecular structure known as 16:1?

<p>Palmitoleic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is classified as essential?

<p>Linoleic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

<p>They are typically solid at room temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid has a molecular structure represented as 18:2?

<p>Linoleic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fatty acids in living organisms?

<p>For protection and insulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is primarily derived from animal sources?

<p>Caprylic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid corresponds to the structure 20:4?

<p>Arachidonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sodium morrhuate primarily used for?

<p>Antisclerosing agent for varicose veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the saponification value measure?

<p>Amount of free fatty acids in a sample (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acid is a dicarboxylic acid and is noted for its anti-acne properties?

<p>Azelaic Acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the iodine value number calculated from?

<p>100 grams of sample (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Palmitic acid is categorized as what type of fatty acid?

<p>Essential fatty acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to neutralize free fatty acids in sodium morrhuate?

<p>$1 ext{ g KOH}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'saponification' refers to which process?

<p>The reaction of fatty acids with alkali (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is used as an antisclerosing agent derived from castor oil?

<p>Sodium Morrhuate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is not considered chiral?

<p>Glycine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines an amphoteric substance?

<p>It can react as either an acid or a base. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isoelectric species?

<p>A molecule that has equal numbers of positive and negative charges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the concept of isoelectric pH (pI)?

<p>The pH that lies between pKa values of the molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about a zwitter ion?

<p>It has both positive and negative charges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is a dimer formed from cysteine?

<p>Cystine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest unit of carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars?

<p>Monosaccharide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate serves as the main energy source produced during photosynthesis?

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?

<p>They undergo mutarotation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in plants?

<p>Starch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is ribose?

<p>Aldopentose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional role of carbohydrates is related to their contribution to cell structure?

<p>Cell components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic test for identifying pentoses in carbohydrates?

<p>Bials Test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

<p>Storage of genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical formula common to carbohydrates?

<p>C, H, O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate type is accurately described as a polyhydric aldehyde or ketone?

<p>Monosaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Inert and Active Constituents

  • Inert constituents are non-active components with no pharmacological activity, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, albumin, and suberin.
  • Active constituents are differentiated through hydrolysis and facilitate processes like milling and grinding.
  • Inert constituents serve to remove bulk, converting drugs into more manageable forms, and assist in coloring and preservation.

Secondary Constituents

  • Influenced by heredity (genetic composition), ontogeny (development stage), and carbohydrates.
  • Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules and the first product of photosynthesis, primarily forming glucose.

Carbohydrate Classification

  • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides categorize carbohydrates.
  • Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars and undergo mutarotation.
  • Key examples of monosaccharides include:
    • Diose (2C): Hydroxyacetaldehyde
    • Triose (3C): Includes aldotriose (glyceraldehyde) and ketotriose (dihydroxyacetone)
    • Pentose (5C): Ribose (found in RNA) and xylose (“wood sugar”)

Functions of Carbohydrates

  • Serve as a source and storage of energy, with starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
  • Structural components, notably cellulose and chitin.
  • Glycoproteins are important cell components.

Fats and Fatty Acids

  • Composed of esters of fatty acids and glycerols, categorized into fixed oils, waxes, and unsaturated fats.
  • Fatty acids are categorized as saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (at least one double bond).
  • Essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and arachidonic acids, play significant roles in health.

USP Tests for Oils and Fats

  • Testing includes acid value (neutralization of free fatty acids) and saponification value (amount of KOH required to neutralize free fatty acids).

Amino Acids

  • Building blocks of proteins, presenting chirality and optical activity, except for glycine.
  • Exist as zwitterions, which are molecules with both positive and negative charges, making them electrically neutral.
  • Isoelectric pH (pI) is the point where the number of positive and negative charges is equal.

Miscellaneous Compounds

  • Sodium morrhuate acts as an antisclerosing agent derived from cod liver oil.
  • Azelaic acid, a saturated dicarboxylic acid, exhibits anti-acne properties.

Important Concepts

  • Chirality refers to the mirror-image forms of molecules that exhibit optical activity.
  • Essential amino acids must be obtained through diet, while non-essential ones can be synthesized by the body.

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