Pharmacology: Inert vs Active Constituents

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Questions and Answers

What role do inert constituents play in pharmaceutical products?

They enhance pharmacologic activity.

They act as active ingredients.

They reduce the stability of the formulation.

They have no pharmacologic activity. (correct)

How do secondary constituents influence drugs?

By ensuring stability and quality. (correct)

By making the drug less effective.

By decreasing the shelf life of the product.

By improving the pharmacologic activity.

Which factors influence secondary constituents in pharmaceutical products?

Heredity, ontogeny, and environment. (correct)

Heredity, ontogeny, and storage conditions.

Temperature and humidity only.

Heredity, ontogeny, and formulation processes.

What is the purpose of milling and grinding in relation to active constituents?

To convert the drug to a more convenient form for handling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of coloring matter in the formulation of drugs?

It fixes the constituent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of curing in drug formulation?

To enhance the properties of the active ingredient. Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid has the molecular structure known as 16:1?

Palmitoleic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is classified as essential?

Linoleic Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

They are typically solid at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?

Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid has a molecular structure represented as 18:2?

Linoleic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fatty acids in living organisms?

For protection and insulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is primarily derived from animal sources?

Caprylic Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid corresponds to the structure 20:4?

Arachidonic Signup and view all the answers

What is sodium morrhuate primarily used for?

Antisclerosing agent for varicose veins Signup and view all the answers

What does the saponification value measure?

Amount of free fatty acids in a sample Signup and view all the answers

Which acid is a dicarboxylic acid and is noted for its anti-acne properties?

Azelaic Acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the iodine value number calculated from?

100 grams of sample Signup and view all the answers

Palmitic acid is categorized as what type of fatty acid?

Essential fatty acid Signup and view all the answers

What is required to neutralize free fatty acids in sodium morrhuate?

$1 ext{ g KOH}$ Signup and view all the answers

The term 'saponification' refers to which process?

The reaction of fatty acids with alkali Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is used as an antisclerosing agent derived from castor oil?

Sodium Morrhuate Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is not considered chiral?

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines an amphoteric substance?

It can react as either an acid or a base. Signup and view all the answers

What is an isoelectric species?

A molecule that has equal numbers of positive and negative charges. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the concept of isoelectric pH (pI)?

The pH that lies between pKa values of the molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about a zwitter ion?

It has both positive and negative charges. Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is a dimer formed from cysteine?

Cystine Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest unit of carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars?

Monosaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate serves as the main energy source produced during photosynthesis?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?

They undergo mutarotation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in plants?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is ribose?

Aldopentose Signup and view all the answers

Which functional role of carbohydrates is related to their contribution to cell structure?

Cell components Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic test for identifying pentoses in carbohydrates?

Bials Test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

Storage of genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical formula common to carbohydrates?

C, H, O Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate type is accurately described as a polyhydric aldehyde or ketone?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inert and Active Constituents

Inert constituents are non-active components with no pharmacological activity, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, albumin, and suberin.
Active constituents are differentiated through hydrolysis and facilitate processes like milling and grinding.
Inert constituents serve to remove bulk, converting drugs into more manageable forms, and assist in coloring and preservation.

Secondary Constituents

Influenced by heredity (genetic composition), ontogeny (development stage), and carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules and the first product of photosynthesis, primarily forming glucose.

Carbohydrate Classification

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides categorize carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars and undergo mutarotation.
Key examples of monosaccharides include:
- Diose (2C): Hydroxyacetaldehyde
- Triose (3C): Includes aldotriose (glyceraldehyde) and ketotriose (dihydroxyacetone)
- Pentose (5C): Ribose (found in RNA) and xylose (“wood sugar”)

Functions of Carbohydrates

Serve as a source and storage of energy, with starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
Structural components, notably cellulose and chitin.
Glycoproteins are important cell components.

Fats and Fatty Acids

Composed of esters of fatty acids and glycerols, categorized into fixed oils, waxes, and unsaturated fats.
Fatty acids are categorized as saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (at least one double bond).
Essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and arachidonic acids, play significant roles in health.

USP Tests for Oils and Fats

Testing includes acid value (neutralization of free fatty acids) and saponification value (amount of KOH required to neutralize free fatty acids).

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, presenting chirality and optical activity, except for glycine.
Exist as zwitterions, which are molecules with both positive and negative charges, making them electrically neutral.
Isoelectric pH (pI) is the point where the number of positive and negative charges is equal.

Miscellaneous Compounds

Sodium morrhuate acts as an antisclerosing agent derived from cod liver oil.
Azelaic acid, a saturated dicarboxylic acid, exhibits anti-acne properties.

Important Concepts

Chirality refers to the mirror-image forms of molecules that exhibit optical activity.
Essential amino acids must be obtained through diet, while non-essential ones can be synthesized by the body.

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Description

This quiz explores the differences between inert and active constituents in pharmacology. It covers the roles of substances like cellulose, starch, and lignin, focusing on their properties and lack of pharmacologic activity. Test your knowledge on hydrolysis and milling processes in this informative quiz.