Pharmacology: Gastric Acid Secretion and Relief

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What can be achieved in some patients with type 2 diabetes?

Correction of hyperglycemia and decrease of insulin resistance (correct)

Development of type 1 diabetes

Elimination of insulin resistance

Increase in insulin production

What is a result of weight reduction, exercise, and dietary modification in some patients with type 2 diabetes?

Increased insulin resistance

No impact on insulin resistance and hyperglycemia

Decreased insulin resistance and corrected hyperglycemia (correct)

Development of hyperglycemia

What is the primary function of antacids in the stomach?

To slow down digestion

To stimulate hunger

To increase gastric acid secretion

To neutralize acid in the stomach (correct)

What type of stomach condition is often associated with hyperacidity?

Peptic ulcer Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of reducing insulin resistance in some patients with type 2 diabetes?

Corrected hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a way to decrease insulin resistance in some patients with type 2 diabetes?

Weight reduction, exercise, and dietary modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic indication of antacids in relation to upset stomach?

To provide symptomatic relief Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antacids on gastric acid secretion?

They have no effect on it Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hyperglycemia in some patients with type 2 diabetes?

Increased risk of developing complications Signup and view all the answers

What is another condition that antacids can help with?

Gastritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of combining antacids?

To provide a more comprehensive treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the time period over which the average blood glucose concentration affects the rate of HbA1c formation?

3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between average blood glucose concentration and the rate of HbA1c formation?

Directly proportional Signup and view all the answers

What factor determines the rate of HbA1c formation?

Average blood glucose concentration over the previous 3 months Signup and view all the answers

How often does the average blood glucose concentration need to be measured to determine the rate of HbA1c formation?

Not applicable, only the average over 3 months is needed Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of HbA1c formation?

It is a measure of long-term glucose control Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macrogol in lactulose?

To absorb water and increase faecal mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of growth hormone on protein synthesis?

Stimulation of protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of somatostatin?

Inhibits the release of growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of corticotropin on the adrenal cortex?

Stimulates the synthesis and release of adrenocorticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Diagnostic use for differentiating between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of growth hormone on lipolysis?

Stimulates lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of stimulant laxatives?

Increase intestinal motility Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of corticotropin on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?

Stimulates the release of cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of octreotide?

Mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of growth hormone on blood sugar levels?

Increases blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of administering insulin?

Subcutaneous injection Signup and view all the answers

What factor can affect the onset and duration of insulin preparations?

Physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative method of administering insulin?

Inhaled insulin Signup and view all the answers

What determines the effect of insulin on the body?

Blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical activity and insulin?

Physical activity can affect insulin onset and duration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antacids and Laxatives

Antacids do not affect the rate of gastric acid secretion.
Therapeutic indications of antacids include symptomatic relief of upset stomach associated with hyperacidity and hyperacidic conditions like peptic ulcer and gastritis.
Antacids are combined with other medications to increase their effectiveness, such as macrogol, which increases the volume of stool, and lactulose, which makes stool softer.

Laxatives

Therapeutic indications of laxatives include short-term relief of constipation, prevention of straining in conditions like CHF, post-MI, postpartum, and post-op, and preparation for diagnostic examinations.
Types of laxatives include:
- Bulk-forming laxatives, such as methylcellulose, ispaghula, and sterculia, which absorb water to increase faecal mass and stimulate intestinal motility.
- Stimulant laxatives, such as glycerol, bisacodyl, senna, and docusate sodium, which increase intestinal motility by stimulating colonic nerves.
- Stool softeners, such as dioctyl sodium and docusate calcium, which decrease stool surface tension leading to increased water penetration.
- Enemas or suppositories, such as phosphate-based enema, tap-water enema, and glycerin suppository, which distend the rectum to initiate the defaecation reflex and soften stool.

Side Effects of Laxatives

Common side effects of laxatives include diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

Pharmacology

The neuroendocrine system, controlled by the pituitary and hypothalamus, coordinates body functions by transmitting messages between individual cells and tissues.
The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream, which have a longer response time than nerve impulses and require seconds to days to cause a response that may last for weeks or months.
The hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and the pituitary are all peptides that act by binding to specific receptor sites on their target tissues.

Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones

The hypothalamus synthesizes precursor proteins of vasopressin and oxytocin, which are stored in the posterior pituitary.
Pituitary hormone preparations are used therapeutically for specific hormonal deficiencies, but most have limited therapeutic applications.
Hormones of the anterior and posterior pituitary are administered either intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intranasally, but not orally, because of their peptidyl nature.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is responsible for the release of ACTH.
ACTH is released from the pituitary in pulses with an overriding diurnal rhythm, with the highest concentration occurring at approximately 6 AM and the lowest in the late evening.
Stress stimulates ACTH secretion, whereas cortisol acting via negative feedback suppresses its release.
The target organ of ACTH is the adrenal cortex, which leads to the synthesis and release of the adrenocorticosteroids and the adrenal androgens.
Therapeutic uses of ACTH include diagnostic use for differentiating between primary adrenal insufficiency and secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Adverse effects of ACTH are similar to those of glucocorticoids, including osteoporosis, hypertension, peripheral edema, hypokalemia, emotional disturbances, and increased risk of infection.

Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)

Growth hormone is a large polypeptide released by the anterior pituitary in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus.
Secretion of GH is inhibited by somatostatin.
GH is released in a pulsatile manner, with the highest levels occurring during sleep.
With increasing age, GH secretion decreases, being accompanied by a decrease in lean muscle mass.
Somatotropin influences a wide variety of biochemical processes, including stimulation of protein synthetic processes, cell proliferation, and bone growth, boosting cartilage synthesis, stimulating lipolysis, and antagonizing insulin to elevate blood sugar level.
Somatostatin is a growth hormone-inhibiting hormone that inhibits the release of GH, insulin, glucagon, and gastrin.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the effects of certain medications on gastric acid secretion and their therapeutic indications for relieving upset stomachs associated with hyperacidity.