Pharmacology Final Review
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following drug is eliminated in alkaline urine?

  • Paracetamol
  • Diclofenac
  • Amphetamine
  • Sulfonamide (correct)

What phenomenon can occur in the case of using a combination of drugs?

  • Synergism (correct)
  • Tachyphylaxis
  • Accumulation
  • Tolerance

Which receptor could be activated by noradrenaline?

  • Alfa receptor (correct)
  • Beta receptor
  • Both alfa and beta receptors (correct)
  • Dopaminergic receptors

Which of the following statements is correct about Isoproterenol?

<p>Sympathomimetic directly acting on the beta-adrenergic receptor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug is eliminated in acidic urine?

<p>Phenobarbitone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a local hemostatic, Nasal decongestant direct-acting catecholamine?

<p>Adrenaline (A), Ephedrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "bioavailability" mean?

<p>Fraction of an uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation following any route administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug-drug interaction relates to absorption, biotransformation, distribution, and excretion processes?

<p>Pharmacokinetic interaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following route of drug administration is preferred for administering a drug directly into the spinal cord?

<p>Intra-thecal route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug-drug interaction results from interaction at the receptor, cell, enzyme, or organ level?

<p>Pharmacodynamic interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could better define "Conjugation"?

<p>Coupling of a drug with an endogenous substrate as glucuronic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could define the drug's half-life (t 1/2)?

<p>The time required to reduce the amount of a drug in plasma by half during the elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best refers to the bioavailability of a drug?

<p>Percentage of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement could define an agonist?

<p>A drug interacts with the receptor and initiates changes in cell function, producing various effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug activates Dopaminergic (D1 and D2) and adrenergic (alfa and beta) receptors?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could refer to the term "chemical antagonism"?

<p>One drug combines with one another to form an inactive compound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is more likely to be used as a nasal decongestant?

<p>Adrenaline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements could define "Pharmacodynamics"?

<p>The effect of the drug on the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is noncatecholamine dual-acting adrenergic drugs which induce tachyphylaxis?

<p>Ephedrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reasons for determining bioavailability?

<p>Physiological parameters of blood (A), The extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect (C), The oral dose and frequency of the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts by enhancing the release of noradrenaline?

<p>Cocaine (A), Amphetamine (B), Ephedrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs could be rapidly excreted by the alkalinization of urine?

<p>Weakly basic drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect may lead to toxic reactions when a drug is taken continuously or repeatedly?

<p>Cumulative effect (A), Tachyphylaxis (B), Tolerance (C), Idiosyncrasy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which among the given drugs is metabolized by MAO and COMT?

<p>Adrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used for the prolongation of action of local anesthetics?

<p>Adrenaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following results from the drug biotransformation?

<p>Faster urinary excretion (A), High binding affinity to cellular membranes (B), High binding affinity to plasma protein (C), Slower urinary excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug interaction will occur If two drugs with the same effect, taken together, produce an effect equal in magnitude to the sum of the effects of the medications given individually?

<p>Additive effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an enzyme inducer?

<p>Chloramphenicol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is a less lipophilic, more potent histamine receptor subtype-1 blocker with no central action and no atropine-like activity?

<p>Cetirizine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents acts as an ecbolic drug used to induce parturition or abortion and control postpartum hemorrhage?

<p>Prostaglandin F2-alpha (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could treat both atropine and curare toxicity?

<p>Neostigmine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is of insignificant value in for treatment of peptic ulcer?

<p>Diphenhydramine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following analgesic agents is safe to be used during pregnancy?

<p>Paracetamol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is a 5-HT agonist with antianxiety activities?

<p>Buspirone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is recommended for the treatment of carcinoid tumor in a 72-old lady and acts by blocking 5-HT receptors?

<p>Misoprostol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antispasmodic agents with muscarinic-blocking activities?

<p>Hyoscine butyl bromide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is considered physiological antagonist histamine?

<p>Cimetidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is considered a parasympatholytic agent and could be used for examining the eye fundus due to its mydriatic effects?

<p>Atropine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drug Elimination in Alkaline Urine

The process by which a drug is removed from the body through urine that is less acidic than normal.

Enzyme Inhibitor

A substance that slows down or prevents the activity of an enzyme.

Drug-Drug Interaction: Synergism

When two drugs combined produce a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects.

Noradrenaline Receptor

A type of receptor activated by the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. The receptor can be either an alpha or a beta receptor.

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Isoproterenol: Beta-Adrenergic Agonist

A drug that stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors. It mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

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Drug Elimination in Acidic Urine

The process by which a drug is removed from the body through urine that is more acidic than normal.

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Adrenaline: Local Hemostatic, Nasal Decongestant

A hormone and neurotransmitter that constricts blood vessels, reducing bleeding and nasal congestion.

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Bioavailability: Reaching Systemic Circulation

The fraction of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.

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Drug-Drug Interaction: Pharmacokinetic Interaction

Interaction between drugs that affects their absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion.

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Intra-thecal Administration

Administration of a drug directly into the spinal cord.

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Drug-Drug Interaction: Pharmacodynamic Interaction

Interaction between drugs that occurs at the receptor, cell, enzyme, or organ level.

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Conjugation: Drug Metabolism

A process of drug metabolism where a drug is attached to an endogenous substrate such as glucuronic acid.

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Drug Half-Life (t ½): Time for Elimination

The time required for the amount of a drug in the plasma to be reduced by half during elimination.

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Bioavailability: Percentage Reaching Circulation

The percentage of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged form.

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Drug Agonist: Receptor Activation

A drug that interacts with a receptor and initiates changes in cell function, producing various effects.

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Dopamine: Multi-receptor Activator

A neurotransmitter that activates dopaminergic (D1 and D2) and adrenergic (alpha and beta) receptors.

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Chemical Antagonism: Inactive Compound Formation

When two drugs combine to form an inactive compound.

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Nasal Decongestant: Adrenaline

Adrenaline is used as a nasal decongestant due to its vasoconstrictive effects.

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Pharmacodynamics: Drug's Effect on the Body

The study of how drugs affect the body.

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Ephedrine: Dual-Acting, Tachyphylaxis Drug

A noncatecholamine drug that stimulates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. It can lead to tachyphylaxis.

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Bioavailability: Absorption and First-Pass Effect

Bioavailability is affected by the extent of drug absorption and the hepatic first-pass effect.

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Cocaine: Noradrenaline Release Enhancer

Cocaine enhances the release of noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter.

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Isoprenaline: Beta Receptor Activator

Isoprenaline activates beta receptors.

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Alkalinization of Urine: Weakly Basic Drugs

Alkalinization of urine can help excrete weakly basic drugs more rapidly.

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Toxic Reactions: Cumulative Effect

A continuous or repeated dose of a drug can lead to a buildup of the drug in the body, causing toxicity.

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Adrenaline: MAO and COMT Metabolism

Adrenaline is metabolized by two enzymes: monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

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Adrenaline: Prolonging Local Anesthetics

Adrenaline is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics.

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Drug Biotransformation: Excretion Facilitation

Drug biotransformation can lead to faster urinary excretion.

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Drug Interaction: Additive Effect

When two drugs with the same effect, taken together, produce an effect equal to the sum of their individual effects.

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Enzyme Inducer: Testosterone

Testosterone increases the activity of certain enzymes involved in drug metabolism.

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Cetirizine: H1 Blocker with No Central Action

Cetirizine is a histamine receptor subtype-1 blocker with no central action and no atropine-like activity.

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Prostaglandin F2-alpha: Ecbolic Drug

Prostaglandin F2-alpha is an ecbolic drug used to induce labor or abortion and control postpartum bleeding.

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Neostigmine: Treatment for Atropine and Curare Toxicity

Neostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat atropine and curare toxicity.

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Diphenhydramine: Ineffective for Peptic Ulcer

Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine and not effective in treating peptic ulcers.

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Paracetamol: Safe Analgesic in Pregnancy

Paracetamol is a safe analgesic to use during pregnancy.

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Buspirone: 5-HT Agonist with Anxiolytic Activity

Buspirone acts as a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonist with antianxiety activities.

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Cyproheptadine: 5-HT Receptor Blocker for Carcinoid Tumor

Cyproheptadine is a 5-HT receptor blocker used to treat carcinoid tumors.

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Hyoscine Butyl Bromide: Antispasmodic with Muscarinic-Blocking Activity

Hyoscine butyl bromide is an antispasmodic that blocks muscarinic receptors.

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Glucocorticoids: Physiological Antagonist of Histamine

Glucocorticoids act as physiological antagonists of histamine.

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Atropine: Mydriatic for Eye Exams

Atropine is a parasympatholytic agent used to dilate pupils for eye exams.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology Final Review Questions

  • Drug Elimination in Alkaline Urine: Paracetamol is eliminated in alkaline urine.
  • Enzyme Inhibitor: Ethyl alcohol is an enzyme inhibitor.
  • Drug Interactions: Accumulation, synergy, tachyphylaxis, and tolerance can occur when drugs are combined.
  • Noradrenaline Receptor: Noradrenaline activates both alpha and beta receptors.
  • Isoproterenol classification: Isoproterenol is a sympathomimetic drug directly acting on beta-adrenergic receptors.
  • Drug Elimination in Acidic Urine: Amphetamine is eliminated in acidic urine.
  • Local Hemostatic and Nasal Decongestant: Ephedrine is a local hemostatic, nasal decongestant and direct-acting catecholamine.
  • Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic interaction relates to absorption, biotransformation, distribution, and excretion processes.
  • Drug Administration Route for Spinal Cord: Intra-thecal route is preferred for administering a drug directly into the spinal cord.
  • Drug-Drug Interaction relating to Receptor, Cell, Enzyme or Organ Level: Pharmacodynamic interaction results from interaction at the receptor, cell, enzyme or organ level.
  • Drug Half-Life (t 1/2): Half-life is the time it takes to metabolize half of an introduced drug into active metabolite or time the administered drug is required to reduce the plasma amount by half during the elimination.
  • Bioavailability of a Drug: The percentage of the administered dose reaching the systemic circulation in the unchanged form defines bioavailability.
  • Agonist Definition: An agonist interacts with the receptor, initiating changes in cell function resulting in various effects.
  • Drug that activates Dopaminergic(D1 & D2) and Adrenergic (alpha & beta) receptors: The text does not describe a specific drug.
  • Chemical Antagonism: One drug combines with another to form an inactive compound is chemical antagonism.
  • Nasal Decongestant: Isoprenaline, is more likely to be used as a nasal decongestant.
  • Pharmacodynamic definition: Pharmacodynamics describes the effect of the body on a drug .
  • Non-catecholamine Dual-Acting Adrenergic Drugs: Propranolol, amphetamine, phenylephrine and ephedrine induce tachyphylaxis.
  • Bioavailability Reason: Determining bioavailability helps understand the oral dose and frequency of the drug, the physiological parameters of blood, the extent of absorption, and hepatic first-pass effect.
  • Drug Effects Related to Different Types of Interactions: Drug interactions resulting in an additive effect, accumulation, antagonism (opposing effect) and potentiation (enhancing effect).
  • Enzyme Inducer: Grape juice is an enzyme inducer.
  • Histamine Receptor Antagonist: Cetirizine is a less lipophilic, more potent histamine receptor subtype-1 blocker with no central action and no atropine-like activity.
  • Obstetric Drug: Prostaglandin F2-alpha is an ecbolic agent.
  • Drug Used in Peptic Ulcer Treatment: The text does not indicate a specific agent for Peptic Ulcer treatment.
  • Analgesic Safe During Pregnancy: Paracetamol is considered safe.
  • 5-HT Agonist: Olanzapine is a 5-HT agonist.
  • Carcinoid Tumor Treatment: Cyproheptadine is a drug recommended for carcinoid tumor and acts by blocking 5-HT receptors.
  • Antispasmodic Agent: Hyoscine butyl bromide is an antispasmodic with muscarinic-blocking properties.
  • Histamine Antagonist: Diphenhydramine is considered a histamine antagonist.
  • Drugs used to examining eye fundus: The text does not list a specific drug used for examining eye fundus.

Additional Drug Effects

  • Noradrenaline Release: Cocaine, ephedrine and amphetamine enhance noradrenaline release.

Excretion

  • Rapidly Excreted Drugs: Weakly basic drugs are readily excreted via alkalinization of urine.
  • Enzyme related to Drug Oxidation: CYP450 enzymes.

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Pharmacology Final Review Questions PDF

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Prepare for your pharmacology final with this comprehensive review quiz. Test your knowledge on drug elimination, enzyme inhibitors, drug interactions, and receptor classifications. Perfect for students seeking to solidify their understanding of pharmacological concepts.

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