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Questions and Answers
What is the most common side effect of penicillin?
What is the most common side effect of penicillin?
What is the purpose of a culture sensitivity test?
What is the purpose of a culture sensitivity test?
Why should patients avoid dairy products when taking fluoroquinolones like Cipro?
Why should patients avoid dairy products when taking fluoroquinolones like Cipro?
What is the $ ext{first}$ step a nurse should take when there is a change in a patient's status?
What is the $ ext{first}$ step a nurse should take when there is a change in a patient's status?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of sulfa drugs?
Which of the following is a common side effect of sulfa drugs?
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Why should patients avoid taking Cipro and Levaquin together?
Why should patients avoid taking Cipro and Levaquin together?
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What is the primary function of insulin?
What is the primary function of insulin?
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Which type of insulin has the fastest onset of action?
Which type of insulin has the fastest onset of action?
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What is the primary role of glucagon in regulating blood sugar?
What is the primary role of glucagon in regulating blood sugar?
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Which antidiabetic medication must be given with food?
Which antidiabetic medication must be given with food?
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Which medication is contraindicated for patients with vision problems?
Which medication is contraindicated for patients with vision problems?
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What is the recommended Hemoglobin A1C target for diabetic patients?
What is the recommended Hemoglobin A1C target for diabetic patients?
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Which sign indicates a potentially dangerous hypoglycemic episode?
Which sign indicates a potentially dangerous hypoglycemic episode?
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Which medication is the primary drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder?
Which medication is the primary drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder?
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What is the recommended action if a patient presents with muscle twitching?
What is the recommended action if a patient presents with muscle twitching?
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Which type of diabetes is associated with darkening skin patches that don't lighten over time?
Which type of diabetes is associated with darkening skin patches that don't lighten over time?
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Which neurotransmitter is known to be decreased in anxiety?
Which neurotransmitter is known to be decreased in anxiety?
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What is the function of Levodopa in the context of Parkinson's?
What is the function of Levodopa in the context of Parkinson's?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Alzheimer's disease?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the main purpose of Aricept in Alzheimer's treatment?
What is the main purpose of Aricept in Alzheimer's treatment?
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Which neurotransmitter is increased in schizophrenia?
Which neurotransmitter is increased in schizophrenia?
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'CARbidopa drives the Levodopa' refers to both being:
'CARbidopa drives the Levodopa' refers to both being:
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What neurotransmitter is typically decreased in depression?
What neurotransmitter is typically decreased in depression?
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'Agonist' in pharmacology typically means:
'Agonist' in pharmacology typically means:
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'Analgesics' are primarily used for what purpose?
'Analgesics' are primarily used for what purpose?
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What is the main function of benzodiazepine agonists like Buspirone (BuSpar)?
What is the main function of benzodiazepine agonists like Buspirone (BuSpar)?
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What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis (TB)?
What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis (TB)?
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Which of the following is the recommended duration of treatment for active tuberculosis (TB)?
Which of the following is the recommended duration of treatment for active tuberculosis (TB)?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for antiviral medications?
What is the primary mechanism of action for antiviral medications?
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When should a patient start taking Tamiflu (oseltamivir) for the treatment of influenza?
When should a patient start taking Tamiflu (oseltamivir) for the treatment of influenza?
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Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of steroid inhaler use?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of steroid inhaler use?
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What is the first-line treatment approach for asthma?
What is the first-line treatment approach for asthma?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of metronidazole (Flagyl) treatment?
Which of the following is a common side effect of metronidazole (Flagyl) treatment?
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Which of the following is a recommended patient instruction for taking HIV medications?
Which of the following is a recommended patient instruction for taking HIV medications?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of prednisone use?
Which of the following is a common side effect of prednisone use?
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Which of the following body systems is primarily affected in type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following body systems is primarily affected in type 1 diabetes?
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Which medication is used to treat alcohol dependence and requires avoidance of alcohol consumption?
Which medication is used to treat alcohol dependence and requires avoidance of alcohol consumption?
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Which of the following medications can cause tardive dyskinesia (excessive mouth movement) as a side effect?
Which of the following medications can cause tardive dyskinesia (excessive mouth movement) as a side effect?
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Which laboratory test is typically ordered to monitor for infection and differentiate white blood cell levels?
Which laboratory test is typically ordered to monitor for infection and differentiate white blood cell levels?
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Which medication class can affect liver function and requires monitoring of liver enzymes (ALT/AST)?
Which medication class can affect liver function and requires monitoring of liver enzymes (ALT/AST)?
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Which medication class can cause photosensitivity as a side effect?
Which medication class can cause photosensitivity as a side effect?
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Which medication is contraindicated in patients with liver issues?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with liver issues?
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Which of the following is a nursing intervention for administering loop diuretics?
Which of the following is a nursing intervention for administering loop diuretics?
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Which of the following foods is high in potassium and should be encouraged for patients taking loop diuretics?
Which of the following foods is high in potassium and should be encouraged for patients taking loop diuretics?
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Which medication class can cause sexual dysfunction and weight gain, requiring monitoring of weight and cardiac function?
Which medication class can cause sexual dysfunction and weight gain, requiring monitoring of weight and cardiac function?
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Which medication class should be taken with caution during pregnancy due to potential effects on fetal tooth development?
Which medication class should be taken with caution during pregnancy due to potential effects on fetal tooth development?
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Match the antibiotic-related information with the correct statement:
Match the antibiotic-related information with the correct statement:
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Match the medication-related information with the correct statement:
Match the medication-related information with the correct statement:
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Match the nursing-related information with the correct statement:
Match the nursing-related information with the correct statement:
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Match the following medication classes with their primary side effects:
Match the following medication classes with their primary side effects:
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Match the following diseases with their primary affected body systems:
Match the following diseases with their primary affected body systems:
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Match the following medications with their specific instructions or precautions:
Match the following medications with their specific instructions or precautions:
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Match the following treatment instructions with the corresponding conditions:
Match the following treatment instructions with the corresponding conditions:
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Match the following medication classes with their specific effects on the body:
Match the following medication classes with their specific effects on the body:
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Match the following conditions with their corresponding treatment instructions:
Match the following conditions with their corresponding treatment instructions:
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Match the following medication side effects with their corresponding precautions:
Match the following medication side effects with their corresponding precautions:
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Match the following treatment guidelines with their corresponding medications:
Match the following treatment guidelines with their corresponding medications:
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Match the following medication classes with their specific patient instructions:
Match the following medication classes with their specific patient instructions:
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Match the following insulin types with their peak times and durations:
Match the following insulin types with their peak times and durations:
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Match the following diabetes signs/symptoms with their descriptions:
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Match the following medications with their primary functions:
Match the following medications with their primary functions:
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Match the following medication instructions with the correct medication names:
Match the following medication instructions with the correct medication names:
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Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions/medications:
Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions/medications:
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Match the following medications with their adverse effects/side effects:
Match the following medications with their adverse effects/side effects:
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Match the following medication classes with their monitoring requirements:
Match the following medication classes with their monitoring requirements:
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Match the following insulin administration steps with the correct order:
Match the following insulin administration steps with the correct order:
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Match the following medication pairs with their specific patient monitoring requirements:
Match the following medication pairs with their specific patient monitoring requirements:
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Match the neurotransmitter with its role in mental health:
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Match the medication with its primary usage in mental health:
Match the medication with its primary usage in mental health:
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Match the medication term with its definition:
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Match the mental health concept with its description:
Match the mental health concept with its description:
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Match the drug interaction warning with the correct medication:
Match the drug interaction warning with the correct medication:
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Match the neurotransmitter term with its effect:
Match the neurotransmitter term with its effect:
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Match the drug overdose risk with the correct warning:
Match the drug overdose risk with the correct warning:
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Match the medication instruction with its corresponding effect:
Match the medication instruction with its corresponding effect:
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Match the medication class with its effect on fetal development:
Match the medication class with its effect on fetal development:
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Match the medication with its primary side effect:
Match the medication with its primary side effect:
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Match the medication instruction with the correct drug:
Match the medication instruction with the correct drug:
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Match the medication class with its common side effect:
Match the medication class with its common side effect:
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Match the nursing intervention with the corresponding drug action:
Match the nursing intervention with the corresponding drug action:
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Match the medical condition with the appropriate medication instruction:
Match the medical condition with the appropriate medication instruction:
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Match the medication with its specific administration instruction:
Match the medication with its specific administration instruction:
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Match the following medication side effects with the correct medication:
Match the following medication side effects with the correct medication:
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Match the nursing intervention with the correct situation:
Match the nursing intervention with the correct situation:
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Match the medication-related instructions with the corresponding medications:
Match the medication-related instructions with the corresponding medications:
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Match the medication allergy information with the correct statement:
Match the medication allergy information with the correct statement:
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Match the medication types with their primary purpose:
Match the medication types with their primary purpose:
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Match the medication precautions with the correct drug class:
Match the medication precautions with the correct drug class:
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Match the following respiratory medications with their specific side effects:
Match the following respiratory medications with their specific side effects:
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Match the following diabetes types with their characteristics:
Match the following diabetes types with their characteristics:
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Match the following medication classes with their specific patient instructions:
Match the following medication classes with their specific patient instructions:
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Match the following medication side effects with their corresponding medications:
Match the following medication side effects with their corresponding medications:
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Match the following antibiotic instructions with their precautions:
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Match the insulin type with its peak time characteristics:
Match the insulin type with its peak time characteristics:
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Match the medication with its specific patient teaching:
Match the medication with its specific patient teaching:
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Match the medication class with its side effect monitoring requirement:
Match the medication class with its side effect monitoring requirement:
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Match the mental health medication with its function:
Match the mental health medication with its function:
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Match the diabetes-related symptom with its description:
Match the diabetes-related symptom with its description:
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Match the medication term with its definition:
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Match the symptom with its associated condition:
Match the symptom with its associated condition:
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Match the lab test range with its corresponding parameter:
Match the lab test range with its corresponding parameter:
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Match the medication overdose risk with its warning:
Match the medication overdose risk with its warning:
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"Clear to cloudy" insulin mixing steps order:
"Clear to cloudy" insulin mixing steps order:
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Match the medication with the associated side effect:
Match the medication with the associated side effect:
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Match the medication instruction with the correct drug:
Match the medication instruction with the correct drug:
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Match the medication type with its primary effect:
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Match the medication side effect with the correct medication class:
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Match the nursing intervention with the correct loop diuretic action:
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Match the medication-related information with the correct statement:
Match the medication-related information with the correct statement:
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Match the medication class with its common side effect:
Match the medication class with its common side effect:
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Match the medication pair with its specific patient monitoring requirement:
Match the medication pair with its specific patient monitoring requirement:
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Match the medication term with its associated definition:
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Match the medication class with its main effect on fetal development:
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Match the neurotransmitter with its role in mental health:
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Match the medication with its primary usage:
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Match the neurotransmitter with its effect:
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Match the medication instruction with its corresponding effect:
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Match the drug overdose risk with the correct warning:
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Match the medication class with its common side effect monitoring requirement:
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Match the medication class with its primary side effect:
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Match the medication with its specific administration instruction:
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Match the neurotransmitter with its primary function:
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Match the medication instruction with its corresponding effect:
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Study Notes
- Infection Control and Medication Administration*
- Monitor for anaphylaxis when administering antibiotics for sinus infections and call 911 immediately if it occurs
- Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through airborne droplets and is treated for 1 year for active cases and 6 months for exposure
- Do not administer any medications with alcohol
- Antifungals and Yeast Infections*
- Antifungals have a suffix of -azoles
- Best time to administer yeast infection cream is at night, after using the bathroom, and with warm cream
- Griseofulvin (generic) or Grifulvin V (Trade) is used to treat ringworm, but may affect the liver and cause urine discoloration
- Antivirals and HIV*
- Antivirals are virustatic, not virucidal, and stop viral reproduction but do not kill viruses
- Pregnant women should avoid RSV
- Zorivax (Trade) or acyclovir (generic) should not be taken with dairy products
- First sign of anaphylaxis is facial swelling
- Antivirals are used to treat HIV, and patients should continue taking HIV medications even after getting pregnant
- Medication Safety*
- Never abruptly stop taking medications, especially cardiac meds
- When taking Reyataz (Trade) or atazanavir (generic), monitor for low heart rate
- Tamiflu (Trade) or oseltamivir (generic) can only be taken within 24-48 hours of flu symptom onset
- Certain situations can cause normal flora to cause infection, such as flora in the wrong area, antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a weakened immune system
- TB Medications*
- Instruct patients taking TB drugs to not drink alcohol, take as directed, report new symptoms, and monitor for reddish-orange urine discoloration
- Flagyl (Trade) or metronidazole (generic) should be swallowed whole, taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating, and may cause drowsiness
- HIV Medications*
- Instruct patients taking HIV medications to take as prescribed, not to cut, taper, or stop taking meds abruptly, as this can lead to drug resistance
- Respiratory Medications*
- Antihistamines block histamine receptors and can cause drowsiness, and are contraindicated in patients with glaucoma
- Decongestants reduce swelling of nasal passages
- Steroidal inhalers require rinsing and gargling after use, and can cause thrush as a side effect
- Cromolyn sodium is a short-acting beta adrenergic agonist (SABA) used to prevent exercise-induced asthma attacks
- Diabetes Medications*
- Insulin regulates sugar, fat, and protein, primarily sugar, at the cellular level
- Always check blood sugar before insulin administration
- The three P's of diabetes are polydipsia (increased thirst), polyuria (increased urination), and polyphagia (increased hunger)
- Regular insulin works fast and is short-acting, NPH insulin works slow and is long-acting, and Lispro insulin works rapidly
- Insulin peak times vary depending on the type of insulin
- Pharmacology Final Review*
- Antibiotics can cause an overgrowth of flora, and are often given with antifungals to prevent superinfections
- Penicillin can cause diarrhea and interacts with oral contraceptives
- Ciprofloxacin can cause tendon damage and interacts with dairy products
- Sulfa drugs can cause photosensitivity and lower blood sugar
- Aminoglycosides require monitoring of BUN and creatinine levels
- Hormone Regulation*
- Glucagon helps increase blood sugar and is produced in the pancreas
- Glycogen helps increase blood sugar and is stored in the liver
- Glipizide must be given with food and works too fast without food
- Metformin (Trade) or glucophage (generic) treats type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome, and is nephrotoxic
- Medication and Lab Interactions*
- Certain medications, such as glucophage, are nephrotoxic and require frequent lab monitoring
- Oral contraceptives lower the effect of antidiabetic medications
- Sodium glucose co-transport inhibitors work on the kidneys to prevent reabsorption of glucose
- Hemoglobin A1C is a test used to monitor blood sugar levels for the past three months### Antibiotics and Sinus Infections
- Monitor for anaphylaxis when giving antibiotics for sinus infections and call 911 immediately if occurs
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Transmitted through the air (airborne droplets)
- Treated for 1 year for active TB, 6 months for exposure
Medication Administration
- DO NOT administer ANY medications with alcohol
Antifungals
- Suffix is -azoles
- Examples: Grifulvin V (Trade), Griseofulvin (generic)
Ringworm Treatment
- Treat with Griseofulvin (generic), Grifulvin V (Trade)
- Affects the liver and may cause urine discoloration
Diarrhea
- Common side effect of pinworm anthelmintic treatment
Travel Vaccinations
- Get all inoculations before visiting foreign countries (prophylactic - intended to prevent disease)
Anti-TB Drugs
- Report changes in vision while on anti-TB drugs
- Isoniazid (INH) is a common drug used for TB
Antivirals
- All antivirals are virustatic, not virucidal, meaning they don't kill viruses, but stop viral reproduction
- Used to treat HIV
Pregnancy and HIV
- Instruct patient to continue taking HIV meds, even after getting pregnant
- HIV medications affect the liver
Medication Side Effects
- Never abruptly stop taking any medications, especially cardiac meds
- Monitor for low heart rate when taking Reyataz (Trade) atazanavir (generic)
Tamiflu
- Can only be taken with 24-48 hours of onset of flu symptoms
Body's Normal Flora
- Can cause infection when in the wrong area, after antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or with a weakened immune system
TB Medication Instructions
- Instruct patient to:
- Not drink alcohol while on the drug
- Take as directed
- Take at the same time every day
- Report any new symptoms
- Note that reddish-orange urine discoloration is normal
- Take 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating or taking an antacid
Flagyl Medication Instructions
- Instruct patient to:
- Swallow pills whole, do not chew or crush
- Take 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating for best absorption
- Do not drink alcohol while on the drug
- Notify doctor of any vision changes, worsening thyroid conditions, or changes in renal or kidney functions
HIV Medication Instructions
- Instruct patient to:
- Take the drug as prescribed daily to reduce potential drug resistance
- Do not cut, taper down, or abruptly stop taking unless instructed by the doctor
- Taking too little of the drug can lead to drug resistance
Antihistamines
- Blocks histamine receptors, can cause drowsiness
- Contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, causes increased eye pressure, and high blood pressure
Decongestants
- Reduce swelling of nasal passages
Steroidal Inhalers
- Rinse and gargle after use, do not swallow the water
- Thrush is a common side effect of steroidal inhaler usage
Prednisone
- Increases blood sugar
Patients with Liver Disease
- Cannot use leukotriene inhalers
Cromolyn Sodium
- Short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA), used to prevent exercise-induced asthma attack
Mucolytics
- Drink plenty of water when taking mucolytics
- Newborns to 1-year-olds are most at risk for mucolytic toxicity
Antitussives
- Given to relieve pain in two ways:
- Changes patient's perception of the pain
- Reduces painful stimuli at the source
Analgesics
- Given to relieve pain in two ways:
- Changes patient's perception of the pain
- Reduces painful stimuli at the source
Benzodiazepines
- Works against or blocks the effects of another drug
- Examples: Buspirone (BuSpar), Xanax
Dopamine
- Works with dopamine to enhance the effect
- Can exacerbate depression and psychosis
Medication Interactions
- Never abruptly stop antidepressants because they affect the brain/nervous system
- Monitor for jerky movements, restlessness, and suicidal thoughts
- Give benzodiazepines until antidepressant builds up in the patient's system
Antidepressants
- SSRI's decrease libido
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts
- Generally takes about 14 days to work
- Can't stop abruptly
- Causes sexual dysfunction
- Changes brain chemistry
- Can cause weight gain
Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Can affect vision
- Contraindicated in patients with glaucoma (increases intraocular pressure)
- Monitor vitals and weight
- Monitor for suicide
Serotonin Syndrome
- Monitor for 24-72 hours after initial administration
- SSRI's take about 2 weeks to work
Mental Health
- Refrain from mixing medication classes
- MAOI's are a last resort medication for acute mental episodes
- patient must wait 2 weeks (fast from all other antipsychotics) before starting therapy
Haldol
- Antipsychotic, usually given via injection
- Usually given for schizophrenia
Alzheimer's
- Form of dementia, gets progressively worse
- Main medication is Aricept (Trade)
- Given to slow the progression of the disease and help the patient cope with the signs and symptoms
- Don't take with cough syrup
- Can cause cardiac issues if given with OTC medications (USE WITH CAUTION TOGETHER)
Rivastigmine
- Given in a patch, medication for dementia
- Put in a place the patient can't reach (usually the back)
Oxcarbazepine
- Anticonvulsant, monitor sodium content (can kick sodium out of the body)
- Monitor liver function (10-35mcg/normal range)
Sedatives
- Relax and help with sleep, usually used for insomnia
- Examples: Xanax, benzodiazepine
- HIGH ADDICTION POTENTIAL
Narcan
- Antidote for narcotics, Flumazenil for benzodiazepines
- Examples: Narcan (Trade), Naloxone (generic)
Pregnancy and Opioids
- No bueno for preggo's (Benzodiazepines are also not good for preggo's)
- If there is a choice between saving the mom or the fetus, the mom is priority
Agonist and Antagonist
- Agonist: Works with/enhances the effect
- Antagonist: Works against/ blocks or reverses the effects### Mental Health Medications
- Tardive dyskinesia: a potential side effect of some antipsychotics, causing excessive mouth movement; treated with Cogentin
- Disulfiram: given for alcohol dependency, but avoid using alcohol while on this drug
- Clozapine: antipsychotic, monitor patient for changes in WBCs levels
- CBC w/ differential: a test done to check for infection and break down specific WBC levels
Antidepressants
- Can cause cardiac issues, so do EKG prior to and throughout treatment
- Side effects:
- Drowsiness
- Photosensitivity
- Affecting sleep patterns
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts and sexual dysfunction
Seizure Medications
- Monitor for rash, hives, and signs of Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Valproate (valproic acid): antiepileptic medication, monitor for liver function
- Bactrim: increase fluids to reduce crystallization (crystalluria)
Administration of Medications
- Always check for allergy before administering a medication
- Rotate injection sites
- Use gloves when applying transdermal patches
- Check the 9 rights of drug administration before giving a medication
- Nitro patch: shave patient before administration (real-world scenario)
- Narcotic patches: document time and place of administration
- Drink plenty of water with enteric-coated capsules, and do not crush
Insulin and Diabetes
- Insulin regulates sugar, fat, and protein, but primarily sugar, at the cellular level
- ALWAYS check blood sugar before insulin administration
- Three P's of diabetes:
- Polydipsia: increased thirst
- Polyuria: increased urination
- Polyphagia: increased hunger
- Types of insulin:
- Regular insulin: short-acting, works within 30 minutes
- NPH insulin: long-acting, takes hours to work and lasts longer
- Lispro insulin: rapid-acting, works within 15 minutes
- Monitor patient for hypoglycemia, especially during onset of insulin
Other Medications
- Proscar: smooth muscle relaxant for prostate issues
- Statins: best taken at night, avoid taking with grapefruit juice or alcohol
- Loop diuretics: take with potassium
- Phenazopyridine: contraindicated in patients with liver issues
- Antacids: best taken with meals or soon after, and at bedtime
- Reglan: take on an empty stomach
- Lactulose: brings down ammonia levels in patients with liver issues
- Thyroid medications: take lifelong, no breastfeeding
- Antithyroid medications: monitor liver function and check eye color
Abuse and Dependence
- High alert drugs: medications that can cause harm if administered in error
- Signs of successful thyroid hormone therapy: if patient's initial symptoms decrease
- Take thyroid medications 3 hours before or after meals
Diabetes Complications
- Frequent thirst, urination, and hunger
- Darkening skin patches that don't lighten up over time
- Complications of poorly managed diabetes: frequent thirst, urination, and infection
Antipsychotics
- Lithium: main drug for bipolar, don't take with Lasix
- Amitriptyline: take at bedtime, don't stop abruptly
- Buspirone: binds to serotonin and dopamine receptors, increases norepinephrine metabolism in the brain
Antidepressants
- Never abruptly stop taking antidepressants, always taper off
- Adverse effects: weight gain, changes in brain chemistry, lowered libido
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS): a life-threatening neuro emergency caused by antipsychotic agents
Antibiotics
- Too much can cause an overgrowth of flora, often given with antifungals to avoid superinfections
- Common side effects: diarrhea, yeast infections
- Culture sensitivity: taking a culture of a bacteria to determine what type it is and what it reacts to
Antivirals
- Are all virustatic, but not virucidal, in that they don't kill viruses, but stop viral reproduction
- First sign of anaphylaxis: facial swelling
- If patient presents with an adverse reaction to a medication, hold the next dose and notify the doctor
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Prepare for your pharmacology final with this review covering topics such as antibiotics, common side effects of penicillin, culture sensitivity, and oral contraceptives. Test your knowledge on crucial concepts in pharmacology.