Pharmacology - Factors Affecting Drug Responses
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Questions and Answers

What does pharmacodynamics primarily focus on?

  • The impact of drugs on the body and receptor binding (correct)
  • The legal regulations surrounding drug use
  • Drug metabolism in the liver
  • The safety of drug administration

    • Which physiological variable is NOT mentioned as affecting drug responses?

  • Gender
  • Age
  • Height (correct)
  • Weight

    • What is the primary concern of pharmacokinetic processes?

  • How much of an administered dose reaches its site of action (correct)
  • The quality control of pharmaceuticals
  • The psychological effects of drugs
  • How drugs interact with other medications

    • What can genetic factors influence regarding drug responses?

    <p>Metabolism of drugs and unique drug reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a pathological variable affecting drug responses?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher therapeutic index (TI) indicate about a medication?

    <p>It is safer for use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the maximum effect a drug can produce?

    <p>Maximal Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between efficacy and potency in pharmacology?

    <p>Potency relates to the size of the drug dose needed for an effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the onset of action defined?

    <p>Time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about drug dosage is true?

    <p>A specific dose may not work for all individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT included in the absorption of a drug?

    <p>Rate of metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do most drugs rely on to cross cell membranes?

    <p>Direct penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about P-Glycoprotein (PGP) is true?

    <p>It transports a variety of drugs out of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic a drug must possess to directly penetrate a cell membrane?

    <p>Lipid solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does absorption refer to in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Movement of drug from its site of administration into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the distribution of a drug?

    <p>Presence of food in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in transport systems?

    <p>To carry energy within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which FDA pregnancy risk category indicates no fetal risk abnormalities?

    <p>Category A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which schedule of the Controlled Substances Act are drugs with the highest abuse potential classified?

    <p>Schedule I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in relation to controlled substances?

    <p>Studying drugs for abuse potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category indicates the use of a drug may be acceptable despite its risks?

    <p>Category C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a drug classified in Schedule II?

    <p>High abuse potential with severe dependence liability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that there is evidence of fetal abnormalities?

    <p>Category D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacokinetic process involves the elimination of drugs from the body?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the FDA pregnancy categories is FALSE?

    <p>All drugs can be administered safely during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'potency' refer to in pharmacology?

    <p>The dose required to produce a specific effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a drug that functions as a partial agonist?

    <p>Partially activates the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of drug excretion?

    <p>To eliminate drugs and their metabolites from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a receptor in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Any macromolecule which a drug binds to produce effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an agonist?

    <p>Any molecule that activates receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do antagonists have on receptors?

    <p>They prevent receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a partial agonist different from a full agonist?

    <p>It activates receptors but to a lesser degree than a full agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the median effective dose (ED50) represent?

    <p>The dose required to produce a response in 50% of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endogenous regulatory molecules?

    <p>Naturally occurring compounds that bind and activate receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the binding of drugs to receptors?

    <p>High-affinity binding enhances biological activity of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Factors Affecting Responses to Drugs

    • Administration: Includes drug type, dosage, route, and timing; adherence issues can affect outcomes.
    • Pharmacokinetics: Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs.
    • Pharmacodynamics: Focuses on drug effects on the body and receptor binding dynamics.
    • Individual Variation: Influenced by physiological (age, gender, weight), pathological (kidney disease), and genetic factors that affect drug metabolism and reaction.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Studies how drugs move throughout the body and impact therapeutic effects.

    Drug Passage Across Membranes

    • Drugs must cross cell membranes to circulate in the blood and reach sites of action.
    • Membrane structure: Primarily composed of phospholipids forming a bilayer.

    Methods to Cross Cell Membranes

    • Channels/Pores: Rarely utilized by drugs; specific to certain ions like potassium and sodium.
    • Transport Systems: Carrier molecules that can move drugs across membranes; may require energy (ATP).
    • Direct Penetration: Most drugs depend on lipid solubility for membrane penetration; "like dissolves like" principle applies.

    Absorption

    • Movement of drugs from administration site to the bloodstream; critical for determining effect onset.

    Factors Influencing Absorption

    • Route of administration
    • Drug solubility
    • Presence of food or fluids
    • Body surface area and absorptive surface status
    • Gastrointestinal motility and blood flow to the intestine

    Distribution

    • Involves drug movement from blood to tissues and cells; determined by blood flow, drug exit from vessels, and cellular entry.

    Metabolism

    • Also known as biotransformation; primarily occurs in the liver via the P450 enzyme system.

    Excretion

    • Drugs and metabolites exit the body via urine, feces, bile, saliva, sweat, breast milk, and expired air.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • Focuses on drug actions and biochemical interactions at the target sites.

    Drug-Receptor Interactions

    • Receptors: Functional macromolecules that drugs bind to, initiating cellular responses.
    • Druggability depends on receptor affinity and signal transduction capabilities.

    Types of Drug Interactions

    • Agonists: Activate receptors, mimicking natural regulatory molecules (e.g., opioids).
    • Antagonists: Block receptor activation, preventing responses (e.g., naloxone for opioid overdose).
    • Partial Agonists: Weaker effects than full agonists (e.g., buprenorphine).

    Dose-Response Relationships

    • Frequency Distribution Curve: Graphical representation of patient responses at various doses.
    • Median Effective Dose (ED50): Dose required for therapeutic effect in 50% of patients.

    FDA Pregnancy Risk Categories

    • Assess drug potential to cause birth defects; categories reflect documentation and risk-benefit ratios.

    Controlled Substances Act of 1970

    • Categorizes drugs based on abuse potential; regulated by the FDA and enforced by the DEA.

    Therapeutic Index (TI)

    • Measure of drug safety; calculated as the ratio of lethal dose (LD) to effective dose (ED).
    • Larger TI indicates safer medication.

    Onset, Peak, and Duration of Action

    • Onset: Time to reach minimum effective concentration.
    • Peak Action: Highest drug concentration in blood.
    • Duration: Length of pharmacologic effect.

    Maximal Efficacy and Potency

    • Maximal Efficacy: Largest effect a drug can produce; indicated by dose-response curve height.
    • Potency: Amount of drug needed to elicit an effect; not equivalent to efficacy.

    Graded Dose Response

    • Examines the relationship between drug amount and therapeutic response; some patients may require different doses for similar effects.

    Nursing Notes

    • No drug should be given during pregnancy unless necessary; individual variations in drug response necessitate careful dosing considerations.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various factors influencing drug responses, including administration methods, pharmacokinetic processes, and pharmacodynamics. Understand how dosage, timing, and individual differences may affect drug efficacy and safety. Ideal for students studying pharmacology and drug interactions.

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