Pharmacology Essentials Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in Grave’s Disease?

  • Increased iodine intake
  • A genetic mutation affecting the thyroid
  • Autoantibodies stimulating hormone production (correct)
  • Inflammation of the thyroid gland

Which symptom is commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

  • Joint pain and deformity (correct)
  • Exophthalmos
  • V-shaped indentation of the lower eyelid
  • Ischemic optic neuropathy

What does the HbA1c test primarily measure?

  • Blood lipid levels
  • Insulin production capacity
  • Immediate blood sugar levels
  • Average blood sugar levels over 2-3 months (correct)

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the sclera?

<p>Scleritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Munson’s Sign indicative of?

<p>Corneal thinning and bulging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) indicate?

<p>Reduced constriction in affected eye (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of nystagmus?

<p>Vestibular dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)?

<p>Acute hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of Tropicamide?

<p>Pupil dilation for fundus exams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is known for causing prolonged mydriasis and cycloplegia lasting up to 14 days?

<p>Atropine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action does Tobramycin exhibit?

<p>Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drug does Dipivefrin belong to, and what is its main therapeutic use?

<p>Prodrug of epinephrine; reducing intraocular pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Ketorolac exert its therapeutic effects?

<p>By reducing prostaglandin synthesis via COX inhibition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic use is Ketorolac specifically indicated for?

<p>Postoperative inflammation and allergic conjunctivitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)?

<p>Anti-VEGF injections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of action of Atropine in relation to the eye?

<p>Blocks parasympathetic input to the iris sphincter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by sudden, painless vision loss due to reduced blood flow without inflammation?

<p>Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAAION) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically used for acute cases of Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AAION)?

<p>Corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?

<p>Autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to improve aqueous humor drainage in narrow-angle glaucoma?

<p>Peripheral iridotomy surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is NOT commonly used for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD)?

<p>Topical corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurological response is associated with the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?

<p>Increased sweating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common first-line treatment for an internal hordeolum?

<p>Warm compresses and possibly antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?

<p>Increased motor strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mechanism that leads to branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO)?

<p>Obstruction of blood flow to a branch of the central retinal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes vasoconstriction and pupil dilation?

<p>Phenylephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic use does Timolol serve?

<p>Lowers intraocular pressure in glaucoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is considered a hypercoagulable state?

<p>Factor V Leiden (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with which of the following?

<p>Hypercoagulable states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to reverse pharmacologically induced mydriasis?

<p>Dapiprazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Latanoprost?

<p>Increases uveoscleral outflow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not typically associated with an increased risk of vascular occlusive events?

<p>Regular exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of Trypan Blue in cataract surgery?

<p>Stains the anterior capsule of the lens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Methotrexate in eye treatment?

<p>Reduces inflammation by interfering with DNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lissamine Green is used primarily to diagnose which condition?

<p>Dry eye disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Prokera®?

<p>To treat severe dry eye and corneal inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about ClearCare® contact lens solution?

<p>It requires a neutralizing case to convert peroxide to saline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Fluorescein?

<p>Examines the integrity of the tear film (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of condition is Retisert® used to treat?

<p>Chronic, non-infectious posterior uveitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic use corresponds to Rose Bengal?

<p>Diagnoses keratoconjunctivitis sicca (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effects does Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) have on the eye?

<p>Retinal toxicity and corneal deposits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known to temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscle and iris sphincter muscle?

<p>Cycloplegics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of Tamsulosin (Flomax®) during cataract surgery?

<p>Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications can cause elevated intraocular pressure?

<p>Corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of Sildenafil (Viagra®) on vision?

<p>Visual disturbances and NAION (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of vision issues can result from taking Isotretinoin (Accutane®)?

<p>Night vision disturbances and dry eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is associated with corneal deposits known as verticillata?

<p>Amiodarone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Tamoxifen have on the eye?

<p>Retinopathy and corneal deposits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAAION)?

Sudden, painless vision loss caused by reduced blood flow without inflammation.

What is Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)?

An early stage of diabetic retinopathy characterized by microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and retinal swelling.

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the "fight or flight" response. It prepares the body for immediate action in stressful situations.

What is a pseudodendrite?

A lesion resembling a dendrite but caused by conditions like herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), not herpes simplex virus (HSV).

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What is Peripheral Iridotomy Surgery?

A laser or surgical procedure to create a hole in the iris to improve aqueous humor drainage.

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What is Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD)?

Chronic blockage or inflammation of the meibomian glands, leading to poor tear film quality. Symptoms include dry eyes, irritation, and blurry vision.

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What is an Internal Hordeolum?

An infection or inflammation of the meibomian glands inside the eyelid. It causes a painful lump on the eyelid.

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What is Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?

A neuromuscular disorder where the immune system attacks acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness, ptosis, and diplopia.

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Grave's Disease

An autoimmune disease that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms like rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and bulging eyes.

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Scleritis

Inflammation of the sclera (white part of the eye), often causing pain and redness. It's commonly associated with autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

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HbA1c Test

A test that measures average blood sugar levels over 2-3 months, used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus.

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Munson's Sign

A V-shaped indentation of the lower eyelid when looking down, often a sign of keratoconus (corneal thinning and bulging).

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Nystagmus

Involuntary, rhythmic eye movements (side-to-side, up-down, or circular) that can be caused by various conditions, including congenital abnormalities, neurological diseases, and inner ear disorders.

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RAPD (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect)

A condition characterized by reduced or no constriction of the affected eye during a swinging flashlight test, suggesting optic nerve damage.

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Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

A condition where the blood supply to a branch of the retinal artery is blocked, usually caused by an emboli or atherosclerosis. It can lead to vision loss.

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Unilateral Facial Anhidrosis

A condition characterized by the absence of sweat on one side of the face, often associated with Horner's syndrome and autonomic nerve damage.

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Hypercoagulable State

A condition where the blood clots more easily than normal, increasing the risk of blood clots forming in the arteries or veins.

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Phenylephrine

A medication that constricts blood vessels, often used to dilate the pupil for eye exams.

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Brimonidine

A medication that reduces the production of fluid in the eye, helping to lower eye pressure.

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Dapiprazole

A medication that reverses the effects of pupil dilation caused by other drugs.

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Timolol

A medication that reduces the production of fluid in the eye, used to lower eye pressure.

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Latanoprost

A medication that increases the drainage of fluid from the eye, lowering eye pressure.

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Cyclopentolate

A medication that dilates the pupil and paralyzes the focusing muscle of the eye, used for eye exams.

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Tropicamide

An anticholinergic medication that blocks parasympathetic input to the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, causing dilated pupils (mydriasis) and paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia).

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Homatropine

An anticholinergic medication that blocks parasympathetic stimulation, leading to pupillary dilation (mydriasis) and paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia).

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Atropine

A potent anticholinergic medication that inhibits parasympathetic input to the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle. This results in prolonged pupillary dilation and paralysis of accommodation with effects lasting up to 7-14 days.

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Tobramycin

An aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

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Sulfacetamide

A sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis by targeting dihydropteroate synthase.

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Ciprofloxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking bacterial DNA replication.

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Ketorolac

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and decreasing inflammation.

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Diclofenac

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), like Ketorolac, that inhibits COX enzymes to reduce inflammation and pain.

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What is a Retrobulbar Injection?

Injects anesthetic or therapeutic agents into the area behind the eyeball.

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What is ReSure®?

A temporary seal for corneal incisions after eye surgery.

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What is Retisert®?

A corticosteroid implant placed in the eye's vitreous cavity for long-term treatment of chronic, non-infectious posterior uveitis.

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What is Prokera®?

A therapeutic device containing amniotic membrane graft, used to treat ocular surface disorders like dry eye, corneal ulcers, and burns.

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What is Lissamine Green used for?

Stains devitalized or damaged epithelial cells and mucus, used to diagnose dry eye and conjunctival damage.

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What is ClearCare®?

A hydrogen peroxide-based solution that cleans and disinfects contact lenses, requiring a neutralizing case before use.

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What is Fluorescein used for?

Stains areas of corneal epithelial loss or breaks in the tear film, used to detect abrasions and ulcers.

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What is Boston Simplus®?

A one-step cleaner and conditioner for rigid gas-permeable contact lenses.

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What is Boston Advance®?

A two-step cleaning and conditioning system for rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses, providing deep cleaning and storage conditioning for optimal lens performance.

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What are cycloplegics?

Medications that temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscle and iris sphincter muscle, causing pupil dilation (mydriasis) and preventing focusing on near objects (cycloplegia).

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What are the effects of Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) on the eye?

A medication that can cause retinal toxicity (bull's-eye maculopathy) and corneal deposits, but is used to treat autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

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What are the effects of Isotretinoin (Accutane®) on the eye?

A medication that can cause dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction, and night vision disturbances, but is used to treat severe acne.

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What are the effects of Tamsulosin (Flomax®) on the eye?

A medication that can cause intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery, but is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

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What are the effects of Minocycline on the eye?

A medication that can cause pigmented conjunctiva, sclera, or eyelids and pseudotumor cerebri, but is used to treat acne and bacterial infections.

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What are the effects of Amiodarone on the eye?

A medication that can cause corneal deposits (verticillata) and optic neuropathy, but is used to treat cardiac arrhythmias.

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What are the effects of Corticosteroids on the eye?

Medications that can cause elevated intraocular pressure (steroid-induced glaucoma), posterior subcapsular cataracts, and delayed wound healing, but are used to treat inflammation in the eye.

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Study Notes

Pharmacokinetics

  • Definition: The study of how a drug moves through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Medical Abbreviations

  • ac: Before meals
  • pc: After meals
  • po: By mouth
  • qd: Once daily
  • qod: Every other day
  • prn: As needed
  • qid: Four times a day
  • ou: Both eyes
  • od: Right eye
  • os (ol): Left eye
  • I.V.: Intravenous
  • I.D.: Intradermal
  • S.C.: Subcutaneous

First-Pass Metabolism

  • Definition: The metabolism of a drug that occurs after oral administration but before it reaches systemic circulation.
  • Primary Organ: The liver

Properties of Ophthalmic Preparations

  • Solutions: Completely dissolved drugs.

Prescription Components

  • Superscription: The “Rx” symbol at the beginning of a prescription.
  • Inscription: Lists the drug name, strength, and form.
  • Subscription: Instructions for the pharmacist (e.g., quantity to dispense).
  • Signature (Sig): Instructions for the patient (e.g., dosing, route).
  • Mitte: The total amount to dispense.

Suspensions

  • Contains undissolved particles.
  • Requires shaking before use.

Ointments (Ungs)

  • Thick, greasy, and long-lasting lubrication.
  • Can blur vision temporarily.

Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)

  • IgG: Responds later in infections, provides long-term immunity.
  • IgM: First responder during initial infection.
  • IgE: Involved in allergic reactions.
  • IgA: Protects mucosal surfaces (e.g., eyes, respiratory tract).

Instilling Eye Drops in Children

  • Position the child lying down or reclined.
  • Gently pull down the lower eyelid to create a pocket.
  • Drop the medication in without touching the eye or lashes.
  • Distract or comfort the child to ease anxiety.

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Pharmacology Study Guide (PDF)

Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacokinetics, medical abbreviations, and the components of prescriptions. This quiz covers key concepts including first-pass metabolism and properties of ophthalmic preparations. Perfect for medical students and professionals alike.

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