2047 L1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a potential severe allergic reaction to a drug?

Diarrhea

Wheezing (correct)

Skin rash

Lacrimal tearing

What is a key characteristic of idiosyncratic drug effects?

They are predictable and typical responses to drugs.

They occur only in patients with known drug allergies.

They can result in completely unexpected symptoms. (correct)

They are caused by known pharmacological properties of a drug.

Which sign or symptom is indicative of a mild allergic reaction?

Acute hypotension

Wheezing

Tachycardia

Itching (correct)

What is the first action a nurse should take when evaluating a drug allergy?

Check against existing allergy status Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with renal damage from drug administration?

Hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with mild allergic reactions?

Angioedema Signup and view all the answers

What time frame can symptoms of drug allergy present after administration?

Within a few minutes to two weeks Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug reaction involves an abnormal immune response?

Drug allergy Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily affected by a drug's half-life?

Duration of action after a single dose Signup and view all the answers

How long does it generally take to reach a steady state for a regularly scheduled drug?

Four to five doses Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a loading dose?

To achieve the target concentration rapidly at therapy onset Signup and view all the answers

What does onset of action refer to?

The interval from when the drug is administered to when its therapeutic effect begins Signup and view all the answers

What is a maintenance dose intended to achieve?

To ensure the rate of input equals the rate of loss, maintaining target plasma concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of excretion for most drugs or their metabolites?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect drug excretion in the body?

Decreases the ability to excrete drugs and metabolites Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dependence is characterized by biochemical changes in body tissues that create a need for a drug to function normally?

Physiological dependence Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly influences a drug's half-life in the body?

Rate of absorption, metabolism, and excretion Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a person develops a habit of taking a substance that leads to a better feeling after consumption?

Drug habituation Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon requires increasing the dosage of a drug to achieve the same therapeutic effect due to a decreased response over time?

Drug tolerance Signup and view all the answers

If a drug has a half-life of 8 hours, approximately how much of the drug remains after 24 hours?

12.5% Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction describes the alteration of drug effects due to the simultaneous administration of two or more drugs?

Drug interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard symbol used to represent drug half-life?

T½ Signup and view all the answers

How does food affect drug bioavailability?

It decreases the absorption of certain drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about drugs with short half-lives is true?

Their effects are quick but wear off rapidly, needing multiple doses. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is known to inhibit hepatic enzyme CYP3A4, affecting drug metabolism?

Grapefruit juice Signup and view all the answers

What should healthcare professionals monitor in older patients when administering drugs?

Renal function Signup and view all the answers

How does the body eliminate a drug after 5-6 half-lives?

The drug is completely eliminated Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antibiotics have when drug resistance develops?

They lose their drug effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a rapid decrease in drug effect leading to less efficacy after short-term use?

Tachyphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

If a prescription requires 80 mg of a medication and the available stock contains 40 mg in 10 mL, how many mL should be administered?

20 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct calculation step for determining the amount to administer when the desired amount is greater than the amount on hand?

You treat the equation as a proportion and solve for the unknown. Signup and view all the answers

A doctor prescribes 12 mg of a medication, but the medication available is in a concentration of 0.006 g per 5 mL. How much mL should be given to the patient?

15 mL Signup and view all the answers

Why must the desired amount and amount on hand be in the same units when performing dosage calculations?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

When performing a ratio and proportion calculation for medication dosages, what does cross multiplication help to determine?

The value of an unknown amount to administer. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is prescribed 25 mg of a drug and your stock is 10 mg per tablet, how many tablets must be given?

3 tablets Signup and view all the answers

In the following equation, Y represents which of the following when determining dosage: H (Amount on Hand) / D (Amount Desired) = Q (Quality) / Y?

The quantity of medication to administer. Signup and view all the answers

When converting grams to milligrams for dosage calculations, which of the following is true?

1 g = 1000 mg Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct volume of Lasix to administer to provide a dosage of 40 mg?

2 ml Signup and view all the answers

How much amikacin should a nurse administer to a patient weighing 170 lbs at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day?

1159.5 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct setting for the infusion pump when administering 'Drug A' at 4 mcg/kg/min for a patient weighing 198 lbs?

10.8 ml/hr Signup and view all the answers

What is the conversion factor used for changing pounds to kilograms?

2.2 lbs/kg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered crucial when performing medication calculations?

Double-checking calculations Signup and view all the answers

In the calculation of medication dosages, why is it particularly important to ensure the same units of measurement?

To ensure accurate dosage calculations Signup and view all the answers

What total amount of amikacin is required daily for a patient after dosage calculation?

1159.5 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can arise from incorrect medication dosage calculations?

Medication error Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

NUR2047 Pharmacology

Focuses on basic drug concepts and dosage calculations.
Course is taught by Winsy WAN.

Basic Concept

Drug Names:
- Chemical names describe drug structures based on atomic/molecular structure and functional groups. Used less in medical practice.
- Generic names assigned by manufacturers (approved by regulatory bodies). Used throughout a drug's lifetime and recognized internationally.
- Brand names/trade names are usually short and easy to remember. One drug can have multiple brand names from different companies.
Drug Effects:
- Therapeutic effect is the desired effect of a drug.
- Palliative drug relieves disease symptoms without affecting the disease itself.
- Curative drug cures a disease or condition.
- Supportive drug supports body function until other treatments are available or the body's response picks up.
- Substitutive drug replaces body fluids or substances.
- Chemotherapeutic drug destroys malignant cells.
- Restorative drug returns the body to health.
- Side effects are unintended but predictable responses. Can range from mild to severe.
- Adverse drug reactions are harmful and undesirable responses that can range in severity from mild to severe.
- Secondary effects are additional effects of a drug, which can be either beneficial or harmful.
Drug Interactions:
- Drug interactions can occur between drugs or between drugs and food.
- Multiple drugs increase the chance of interaction
- Interactions can be beneficial or harmful.
- Food interactions can altar drug absorption, bio-availability, and rate.
Drug Toxicity:
- Augmented reactions/drug toxicity are potentially harmful effects resulting from altered pharmacokinetics (absorption, metabolism, excretion).
- Increased receptor sensitivity can increase a patient's response to drugs and adverse effects or impaired metabolism or excretion.
- Cumulative effect occurs when the administration rate of a drug exceeds the metabolism or excretion rate causing an accumulation of drug in the blood.
- Overdose is an excessive dosage, intentionally or accidentally given. It can also be caused by medical or drug therapy or negligence.

Drug Allergy

Hypersensitivity is an abnormal response to a drug resulting from an immunologic reaction.
When exposed to a foreign substance (antigen), the body may produce antibodies, developing mild allergic reactions, or severe anaphylactic reactions.
Symptoms can occur anytime from a few minutes to two weeks after the administration of the drug. Important to ask about the allergy history as well as related signs and symptoms.
Mild reactions might include skin rash, itching, angioedema, diarrhea, vomiting, rhinitis, or swelling.
Severe reactions can be life-threatening and fatal including wheezing and dyspnea, accumulated fluids in the respiratory tissue, acute shortness of breath, acute hypotension, and tachycardia.

Drug Effects - Adverse Reactions

Idiosyncratic effect is a sensitivity-related adverse reaction not due to drug's pharmacological properties or allergies. It is unexpected and unexplained reaction to a drug for a given patient.
Some reactions have a genetic cause.
Examples include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.

Drug Effects - Dependence

Physiological dependence is due to biochemical changes in the body tissues, especially in the nervous system. Tissues begin to require the substance for normal functioning.
Psychological dependence is an emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense of well-being, accompanied by feelings or cravings for that drug.
Drug habituation is a mild form of psychological dependence.

Drug Effects - loss of drug effect

Drug tolerance is a decreased response to a drug over time.
Tachyphylaxis refers to a rapid decrease in the effectiveness of a drug over a short time.
Drug resistance is when a drug has a decreased or no effect, such as with antibiotics.

Dosage Calculation

Understand metric units of weight and volume.
Understand how to convert between units.
Methods to calculate dosages by using the universal formula, ratio proportions.

Pharmaco-kinetics

Study of what the body does to the drug.
The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Pharmaco-dynamics

Study of what the drug does to the body.
The mechanisms by which drugs exert biochemical and physiological effects at their target sites.

Pharmaco-kinetics vs Pharmaco-dynamics

Pharmacokinetics are the body's interactions with the drug; and Pharmacodynamics describes drug effect on an organism.

ADME

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion describe the processes of a drug in the human body

Drug Formulation & Route

Several methods used to administer drugs.

Types of Drug Preparations

Descriptions and details provided for different types of drug preparations.

Drug Administration

Routes of administration and their relevant pros and cons of drug administration
- Oral dosage
- Intravenous dosage
- Intramuscular dosage
- Subcutaneous dosage
- Buccal dosage
- Sublingual dosage
- Rectal dosage
- Inhalation dosage
- Topical dosage
- Transdermal dosage

Drug Absorption

Oral (PO): Rate of absorption can be affected by food, acid medium, and the fact that some drugs don't dissolve well in GI fluids.
Intravenous (IV): Direct entry to the bloodstream.
Intramuscular (IM): Rapid, but more prone to risk if high bleeding.
Subcutaneous (SC): Slower absorption than intramuscular.
Rectal: Absorption can be unpredictable/used for localized needs only when other means are not available.

ADME - Distribution

Transportation of a drug from absorption site to its site of action in the body.
Blood flow is a major factor, affecting drug delivery to different organs based on vascularity.
Solubility is another significant factor, impacting either drug accumulation in fatty tissue or binding to plasma proteins.

ADME - Metabolism

Biotransformation: drugs chemically altered by the body.
Conversion of prodrugs into active drugs by enzymes.
Metabolic processes impact drug activity and toxicity, potentially leading to further metabolism of the metabolites.
Drugs can undergo further metabolism before excretion.
Understand what CYP450 enzymes are responsible for during the metabolic processes.
Factors effecting metabolism (Chemical, Biological, Physiochemical)

ADME- Excretion

Removal of drugs from the body.
Primarily through the kidneys, but can also involve bile, sweat, breast milk, and lungs.
Changes in excretion rate impact plasma drug concentration.

Other forms of excretion

Excretion pathways aside from via the kidneys including through bile, sweat, and breast milk
The lungs can excrete drugs, as well as exocrine glands (sweat, salivary, or mammary)

Dosage Calculation (Advanced) - Includes Body Weight

Dosage calculations are crucial for effective and safe drug administration, especially considering patient-specific factors.

Loading Dose and Maintenance Dose

Loading dose is given at the outset of therapy to quickly achieve the target concentration
Maintenance dose adapts drug dosage to keep the level at a steady state and avoid overdose.

Basic Concepts of Pharmacodynamics

Drug's effects on an organism and receptor/ non-receptor mechanisms.
Agonists (promote response by binding to receptor) and antagonists (prevent response or block)
Understanding different types of receptors(internal and cell surface) including the role of these receptors and G protein couples including the role of enzymes in these processes

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on drug allergies and reactions with our Pharmacology Drug Reactions Quiz. This quiz covers topics like idiosyncratic drug effects, symptoms of allergic reactions, and the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Perfect for nursing and pharmacy students to reinforce their understanding of drug interactions.