Pharmacology: Components of Medicines
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the presence of excipients in medicines?

  • To make the medicine more convenient to use (correct)
  • To prolong the shelf life of the medicine
  • To enhance the therapeutic effect of the active drug
  • To reduce the toxicity of the active drug

    • What is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems?

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Toxicology (correct)

    • Which of the following statements is TRUE about pharmacogenetics?

  • It is the study of genetic influences on responses to only one specific drug
  • It is the study of genetic influences on responses to all drugs
  • It is the study of genetic influences on responses to no drugs
  • It is the study of genetic influences on responses to a class of drugs (correct)

    • What is the underlying principle of pharmacogenomics?

    <p>Differences between individuals in their response to therapeutic drugs can be predicted from their genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the interaction between a drug molecule and a specific molecule in the biologic system?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of genetic influences on responses to all drugs?

    <p>Pharmacogenomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of familial idiosyncratic drug reactions?

    <p>Pharmacogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the beneficial therapeutic effects of chemicals on living systems?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacology?

    <p>Study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a chemical substance of known structure that produces a biological effect when administered to a living organism?

    <p>Drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a source of drugs?

    <p>Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a chemical preparation that usually contains one or more drugs, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect?

    <p>Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization selects the international Nonproprietary Name (INN) for a drug?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the name assigned by a competent scientific body/authority for a drug?

    <p>Generic name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which drugs are produced using DNA recombinant technology?

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the molecules that drugs interact with to produce a biological effect?

    <p>Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are involved in the interaction between a drug and a receptor?

    <p>Covalent, Electrostatic, and Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the actions of a drug on the body?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pharmacokinetic processes in drug administration?

    <p>Governing the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the chemical messengers that coordinate the function of different cells in the body?

    <p>Hormones, transmitters, and other mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ion channels are gated by the occupation of a receptor by an agonist?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels or ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body acts on a drug?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main protein targets for drug action on mammalian cells?

    <p>Receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the interactions between a drug and the body?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inherent or spontaneous activity of a receptor in the absence of any ligand?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agonist produces a submaximal response upon binding to its target?

    <p>Partial agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inverse agonists on constitutively active targets?

    <p>They reduce the activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for molecules that, upon binding, cause a change in the activity of their targets by producing a conformational change?

    <p>Agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of buprenorphine on opioid receptors?

    <p>It has a high affinity and partial intrinsic efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ion channel function can be affected by drugs?

    <p>Ligand-gated channels and other parts of the channel molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is morphine?

    <p>Full agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for receptors that are active even in the absence of an activating ligand?

    <p>Constitutively active receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of vasodilator drugs of the dihydropyridine type?

    <p>Inhibiting the opening of L-type calcium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is targeted by captopril?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of full agonists on their targets?

    <p>They produce a maximal response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carrier proteins in cells?

    <p>To transport ions and small organic molecules across cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process that links drug occupancy of receptors and pharmacologic response?

    <p>Coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the ability of a drug to bind to a receptor?

    <p>Affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of a drug to produce a response?

    <p>Intrinsic efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effect occurring in the absence of an agonist?

    <p>Constitutive activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inert Constituents

    • Medicines often contain other substances besides the active drug, such as excipients, stabilizers, and solvents, to make them more convenient to use.

    Toxicology

    • Branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.

    Pharmacogenetics

    • Study of genetic influences on responses to drugs.
    • Focuses on familial idiosyncratic drug reactions, where affected individuals show an abnormal response to a class of drug.
    • Also covers broader variations in drug response, where the genetic basis is more complex.

    Pharmacogenomics

    • Overlaps with pharmacogenetics, describing the use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis.
    • The underlying principle is that differences between individuals in their response to therapeutic drugs can be predicted from their genetic makeup.

    The Nature of Drugs

    • Drug molecules interact with specific molecules in the biologic system that play a regulatory role.

    Pharmacology

    • Study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules (receptors) and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.

    Drug

    • Defined as a chemical substance of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

    Medicine

    • A chemical preparation, which usually but not necessarily contains one or more drugs, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect.

    Sources of Drugs

    • Plants (e.g., alkaloids)
    • Animals (e.g., insulin, heparin)
    • Minerals (e.g., magnesium sulfate)
    • Microorganisms (e.g., penicillin)
    • Semisynthetic (e.g., hydromorphone, hydrocodone)
    • Synthetic (e.g., aspirin, paracetamol)
    • Genetic engineering (e.g., human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine)

    Drug Nomenclature

    • Chemical name
    • Non-proprietary name (generic name)
    • Proprietary name (brand name)

    Drug Reactivity and Drug-Receptor Bonds

    • Drugs interact with receptors by means of chemical forces or bonds, including covalent, electrostatic, and hydrophobic bonds.

    Interactions between a Drug and the Body

    • Divided into two classes: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • The actions of the drug on the body, determining the group in which the drug is classified and playing a major role in deciding whether that group is appropriate therapy for a particular symptom or disease.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • The actions of the body on the drug, governing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs and being of great practical importance in the choice and administration of a particular drug for a particular patient.

    Protein Targets for Drug Action

    • Receptors
    • Ion channels
    • Enzymes
    • Carrier molecules (transporters)

    Receptors

    • Sensing elements in the system of chemical communications that coordinate the function of all the different cells in the body.

    Ion Channels

    • Some ion channels incorporate a receptor and open only when the receptor is occupied by an agonist; others are gated by different mechanisms.

    Enzymes

    • Many drugs are targeted on enzymes, for example, captopril acts on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and inhibits it.

    Carrier Molecules

    • Transport of ions and small organic molecules across cell membranes generally requires a carrier protein.

    Coupling

    • The transduction process that links drug occupancy of receptors and pharmacologic response.

    Affinity

    • The ability of the drug to bind to the receptor.

    Intrinsic Efficacy

    • The ability of the drug to produce a response.

    Constitutive Activity

    • The effect occurring in the absence of agonist, referring to the inherent or spontaneous activity of a receptor in the absence of any ligand.

    Agonists

    • Molecules that, upon binding, cause a change in the activity of their targets by producing a conformational change.

    Full Agonists

    • Produce a maximal response upon binding to their targets, having high affinity and full intrinsic efficacy.

    Partial Agonists

    • Produce a submaximal response upon binding to their targets, having high affinity but low intrinsic efficacy.

    Inverse Agonists

    • Reduce any constitutive activity, resulting in effects that are opposite to the effects produced by conventional agonists at that receptor.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the constituents of medicines, including excipients, stabilizers, and solvents, and how they differ from active drugs. It also touches on endogenous hormones and their use as drugs.

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