Pharmacology Chapter Quiz

The ability of a drug to bind to its specific target protein, like a receptor.

The ability of a drug to initiate a chain of events leading to a biological effect after it's bound to a receptor.

A drug that produces the maximum possible effect when binding to its receptor.

A drug that only partially activates a receptor, producing less than the maximum effect.

A drug that binds to a receptor but does not produce any effect on its own. It can block the actions of other drugs.

The study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

Substances used for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, or mitigation of diseases.

Drugs that are used to determine the presence or severity of a disease or condition.

Drugs that are used to replace substances that are lacking in the body.

Drugs that alter the normal function of the body or affect disease processes.

Drugs used to kill or inhibit the growth of cells considered harmful or foreign to the body.

The study of how drugs interact with the body, focusing on their biochemical and physiological effects.

The study of how the body processes drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

Cellular macromolecules or assemblies that are directly involved in chemical signaling within the cells.

A type of receptor that spans the cell membrane seven times and is activated by binding to a ligand, leading to a cascade of intracellular events.

A spasm or narrowing of blood vessels, often occurring in the context of injury or damage, hindering blood flow.

A temporary plug formed at the site of injury to stop bleeding, involving platelets, fibrin, and specific proteins like von Willebrand factor.

A complex series of reactions involving clotting factors, leading to the formation of stable fibrin, which strengthens the platelet plug.

The three main factors that contribute to the formation of unwanted blood clots: endothelial injury, blood stasis, and hypercoagulability.

Abnormal clotting in arteries, often rich in platelets, creating a white appearance due to the platelet composition.

Abnormal clotting in veins, often rich in fibrin, creating a red appearance due to the fibrin composition.

Presence of foreign material (e.g., implants, stents) within the circulatory system that triggers blood clots.

A class of medications that inhibit the formation of thrombin, thus preventing blood clotting.

A natural anticoagulant, extracted from pig intestines, that binds to antithrombin III, preventing the formation of clots.

A group of anticoagulants related to heparin but with lower molecular weight, offering improved safety profiles.

Warfarin is a drug used to prevent blood clots, primarily in patients with atrial fibrillation or those who have had a blood clot previously. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

The international normalized ratio (INR) is a standardized test that measures the clotting time of blood in comparison to a normal control. It's used to monitor the effectiveness of warfarin therapy.

Vitamin K is a necessary cofactor for the production of clotting factors. If you consume too much vitamin K, it can counteract warfarin's effect. If you have a low level of vitamin K, warfarin's effect may be too strong.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare but serious complication of heparin therapy. It causes a decrease in platelet count, increasing the risk of bleeding.

Aspirin is a commonly used medicine that irreversibly inhibits the production of thromboxane A2, a powerful platelet aggregator. This blocks platelets from sticking together and forming unwanted clots.

P2Y12 ADP Receptor Inhibitors, such as clopidogrel, ticlopidine, and prasugrel, prevent platelets from activating by blocking the action of adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a minimally invasive procedure to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries. These drugs help to prevent blood clots from forming on stents placed during PCI to prevent heart attacks.

Drugs that are pharmaceutical equivalents and can be expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile. They are interchangeable and considered safe to substitute.

The process of drug movement from the systemic circulation to different body compartments (organs and tissues). This allows drugs to reach their target sites.

The amount of drug bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and globulin. It influences drug distribution and duration of action.

A hypothetical volume of body fluid that would be needed to contain a given drug dose at the same concentration as in the plasma. It helps estimate loading doses and predict where drug distributes.

The chemical alteration of a drug by the body, usually in the liver. It typically makes drugs more water-soluble and easier to excrete.

The initial metabolism a drug undergoes before reaching the systemic circulation, often in the liver. This can significantly reduce the amount of drug reaching the target site.

The process of adding or unmasking a functional group on a drug molecule. This often increases its polarity.

The process of attaching a polar conjugate (like glucuronic acid) to a drug molecule. This makes it more water soluble and easier to excrete.

Some drugs are given as inactive forms (pro-drugs) but are activated by the body's metabolism. Others stay active or become toxic.

The inhibition or induction of drug metabolism by other drugs or factors. This can either decrease or increase drug levels in the body.

Differences in enzyme activity due to genetic variations. This can affect how people metabolize drugs and leads to variable drug responses.

The removal of drugs from the body, primarily through the kidneys. This involves filtration and sometimes active secretion.

The major subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system: sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest), and enteric (controls the gut).

The neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to the body's organs and muscles. These are part of the efferent pathway of the nervous system.

The junction between two neurons where chemical signals are transmitted. This is where neurotransmitters are released and received.

A type of drug that reduces the stickiness of platelets, preventing them from clumping together and forming clots.

A drug that prevents or slows down the formation of blood clots.

A type of drug that breaks down existing blood clots.

A type of drug that promotes blood clotting.

A condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin K, resulting in abnormal bleeding.

A drug that blocks the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, preventing clot breakdown.

A condition characterized by high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood.

A drug that lowers cholesterol levels in the blood.

A type of drug that inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol production.

A type of drug that activates PPAR-alpha, increasing the breakdown of triglycerides.

A type of drug that binds to bile acids in the gut, preventing their reabsorption and lowering cholesterol.

A type of drug that blocks the absorption of cholesterol in the gut.

A type of drug that increases HDL (good cholesterol) levels in the blood.

A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells.

A drug that stimulates the production of red blood cells.