Pharmacology Chapter on Receptors and Endocytosis

<p>Altered receptor signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased receptor expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constitutive activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneously, in disease, or experimentally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unregulated cellular responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause abnormal receptor activation without any ligand present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha, beta, and gamma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GDP (guanosine diphosphate) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrollable severe muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G protein coupled receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It undergoes a conformational change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epilepsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent receptor activation without stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmitting signals from outside the cell to inside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to chemicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates the cell for nerve signals or muscle contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport of oxygen in the blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates the muscle cells to contract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed or impaired transmission of nerve signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerve and muscle cells specifically require electrical changes for functional signaling and contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a catalyst to initiate a signaling process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as molecular switches in signal transduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipase C is activated by G-proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A process where receptors become active without any external stimulus.

When receptors function improperly, leading to unintended activation without stimulation.

A change in the genetic code of a receptor, leading to altered function.

A condition where receptor mutations in the brain cause uncontrolled electrical activity, resulting in seizures.

Mutations in receptors controlling muscle contraction can lead to uncontrollable muscle spasms.

When a receptor is activated even without a ligand binding to it.

Changes in DNA that happen randomly, without any specific cause.

Changes in DNA that occur due to a specific disease or condition.

Changes in DNA that are deliberately induced in the lab, often to study the receptor's function.

An increase in the number of receptors on the surface of a cell, making the cell more sensitive to a particular agonist.

A decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of a cell, making the cell less sensitive to a particular agonist.

Altering how strongly an agonist binds to its receptor, affecting the cell's response.

The process by which a cell engulfs materials from its external environment, forming a vesicle that carries the material into the cell.

A state where a cell is actively responding to an agonist, meaning it is carrying out its function due to the agonist's presence.

A shift in the electrical balance within a cell, usually caused by the movement of ions across the cell membrane.

The activation of a cell's function, often triggered by an electrical charge change.

Electrical impulses that travel along nerve cells to transmit information throughout the body.

The shortening of muscle fibers, resulting in movement.

Electrical charge change in muscle cells triggers a series of events that lead to the shortening of muscle fibers, causing contraction.

Receptors that use G proteins to transmit signals inside the cell.

One of the three subunits of a G protein. Binds GDP in its resting state.

Guanosine diphosphate; molecule bound to the alpha subunit when the G protein is inactive.

Receptors that consist of a single polypeptide chain and are embedded in the cell membrane.

A type of G protein coupled receptor, commonly found in cells.

Different types of G-proteins, each with unique functions, categorized as Gs, Gi, and Gq.

An enzyme activated by Gq proteins, which breaks down lipids to release signaling molecules like calcium and diacylglycerol.