Pharmacology Chapter 16 Review

Questions and Answers

What antiemetic shows a high incidence of extrapyramidal reactions?

Promethazine

Metoclopramide

Ondansetron

Prochlorperazine (correct)

Why is a probiotic recommended in addition to the antibiotic?

To replace the normal flora lost from the antibiotic.

Which type of laxative is safe for prolonged use?

Saline laxatives

Stimulant laxatives

Osmotic laxatives

Bulk-forming laxatives (correct)

What medications are used in the management of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?

Mesalamine and Sulfasalazine Signup and view all the answers

What is the major neurotransmitter involved in emesis located in the gut?

Serotonin. Signup and view all the answers

Medications such as cimetidine, famotidine, and ranitidine are examples of what classification of antiulcer agent?

Histamine-2 blockers Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of laxatives is considered the treatment of choice for simple constipation not relieved by natural methods?

Bulk-forming laxatives. Signup and view all the answers

Why can antacids be prescribed?

To relieve pain and promote healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Signup and view all the answers

How should the health care practitioner respond to a client using Imodium for diarrhea caused by an infection?

Imodium is contraindicated when diarrhea is caused by an infection. Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of simethicone?

It has no documented side effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are known to interfere with stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain?

Dopamine receptor antagonists Signup and view all the answers

Which antidiarrhea agents act by slowing intestinal motility?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What should health care practitioners emphasize when teaching clients about prevention of constipation?

Natural methods such as high-fiber diet and adequate fluid intake. Signup and view all the answers

What are the MAJOR side effects of dicyclomine?

Dry mouth and diarrhea. Signup and view all the answers

When are medications such as prednisone and prednisolone used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

In moderate to severe active forms of IBD when salicylate medications provide inadequate treatment Signup and view all the answers

How does misoprostol act as an antiulcer drug?

Inhibits gastric acid secretion and protects gastric mucosa Signup and view all the answers

What undesirable side effect can long-term use of agents that reduce gastric acid lead to, especially for older adults?

Depletion of intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of vitamin B12. Signup and view all the answers

What are antiemetics MOST frequently used to control?

Nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major therapeutic ingredients in common antacid products?

Aluminum, calcium carbonate, or magnesium Signup and view all the answers

What are the MAJOR side effects of histamine-2 blockers?

Diarrhea, dizziness, rash, and headache. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antiemetics

Prochlorperazine is associated with a high incidence of extrapyramidal reactions.
Antiemetics are primarily used to control nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness.

Antibiotics and Probiotics

Prophylactic antibiotics for chronic otitis media can disrupt normal gut flora.
Probiotics are recommended to restore normal flora lost during antibiotic treatment.

Laxatives

Bulk-forming laxatives are safe for prolonged use, making them a suitable choice for chronic constipation.
Bulk-forming laxatives are the treatment of choice for simple constipation not relieved by natural methods.

Gastrointestinal Medications

Mesalamine (Asacol) and sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) are commonly used in managing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), and ranitidine (Zantac) fall under the classification of histamine-2 blockers, used as antiulcer agents.
Antacids can be prescribed to relieve pain and promote healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Diarrhea Management

Imodium is contraindicated in cases of diarrhea caused by infections, such as travel-related illnesses.
Antidiarrheal agents like diphenoxylate with atropine and loperamide work by slowing intestinal motility.

Gas and Flatulence

Simethicone is recommended for flatulence and is noted to have no documented side effects.

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone

Dopamine receptor antagonists interfere with the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain, blocking messages to the gastrointestinal tract.

Constipation Prevention

Prevention of constipation emphasizes natural methods, including a high-fiber diet and adequate fluid intake.

Side Effects of Medications

Major side effects of dicyclomine (Bentyl) include dry mouth and diarrhea.
Long-term use of gastric acid-reducing agents can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency due to depletion of intrinsic factor.

Prostaglandin Analog

Misoprostol (Cytotec) inhibits gastric acid secretion and protects gastric mucosa from irritants, serving as an antiulcer drug.

Antacid Composition and Side Effects

Common antacid products typically contain major therapeutic ingredients like aluminum, calcium carbonate, or magnesium.
Side effects of histamine-2 blockers may include diarrhea, dizziness, rash, and headache.

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Description

Test your knowledge with this chapter 16 review quiz focusing on pharmacological concepts. Explore questions on antiemetics, antibiotics, and patient care for various medical conditions. This quiz is designed to reinforce key concepts in pharmacology.