Pharmacology Chapter 16 Flashcards

Study Notes

Aspirin (Ecotrin)

Classification: Salicylate
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins, blocking inflammation and pain transmission centrally and peripherally.
Pharmacokinetics: Administered orally (PO) or rectally (PR).
Indications:
- Alleviates mild to moderate pain (analgesic) and fever (antipyretic).
- Inhibits platelet aggregation to prevent blood clots; beneficial in cardiac diseases.
- Low doses manage ischemic strokes, transient ischemic attacks, angina, and acute myocardial infarction (MI).
Contraindications:
- Allergies to salicylates or NSAIDs.
- Conditions like bleeding abnormalities and renal impairment.
- In children/teenagers with viral infections, it risks Reye syndrome.
- Should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.
Adverse Effects:
- Gastrointestinal discomfort, potential ulcers and bleeding.
- Acute toxicity symptoms: tachypnea, confusion, seizures, and cardiovascular collapse.
- Chronic use can lead to salicylism causing dizziness and tinnitus.
Interactions: Increased risk of bleeding when combined with other blood-thinning medications.

NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

Mechanism of Action: Block COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin formation in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Selective NSAIDs

Block only COX-2, minimizing gastric and renal side effects, while still addressing pain and inflammation.

Non-Selective NSAIDs

Inhibit both COX enzymes, resulting in anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects; also possess anti-platelet properties.
Pharmacokinetics: Administered orally (PO) or intravenously (IV).
Contraindications:
- Allergies to NSAIDs or salicylates, and avoid specific NSAIDs like celecoxib in sulfonamide allergies.
- Contraindicated in heart failure, hypertension, and peptic ulcers.
- Use with caution in individuals with renal or hepatic dysfunction, and avoid in children under six months.
Adverse Effects:
- Gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and GI bleeding; should be taken with food.
- Risk of hypertension and kidney dysfunction.
- Asthma patients may experience bronchoconstriction.
- Black box warnings for increased cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks; not recommended after coronary bypass surgery.
Interactions: Increased bleeding risk when combined with other medications and underlying kidney dysfunction.

Prototypes of NSAIDs

Ibuprofen (Advil) - non-selective, propionic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.
Celecoxib (Celebrex) - selective NSAID with similar therapeutic benefits but potentially fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

Non-NSAIDs

Key Prototypes:
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- Ofirmev (IV)
Classification: Non-NSAIDs.

Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering Chapter 16 of Pharmacology. Focus on aspirin (Ecotrin) including its classification, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics. Perfect for mastering key concepts in pharmaceutical studies.