Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of fluoride toothpaste?
What is the primary function of fluoride toothpaste?
- To promote oral hygiene
- To whiten teeth
- To reduce gum inflammation
- To prevent tooth decay (correct)
What happens to red blood cell production when iron supplements are taken?
What happens to red blood cell production when iron supplements are taken?
- It boosts production (correct)
- It causes anemia
- It remains unchanged
- It decreases significantly
Which group of drugs do gold injections belong to?
Which group of drugs do gold injections belong to?
- Antibiotics
- Corticosteroids
- Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (correct)
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
What does the United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary set standards for?
What does the United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary set standards for?
What is one provision of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act?
What is one provision of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act?
What is the composition of Myocrisin, a gold injection used for arthritis?
What is the composition of Myocrisin, a gold injection used for arthritis?
What must drug companies do before discontinuing a drug, according to FDA regulations?
What must drug companies do before discontinuing a drug, according to FDA regulations?
What additional protection does fluoride toothpaste offer in areas with fluoridated water?
What additional protection does fluoride toothpaste offer in areas with fluoridated water?
What is the primary purpose of Phase III Studies in drug evaluation?
What is the primary purpose of Phase III Studies in drug evaluation?
Which act empowered the FDA to monitor and regulate drug safety in 1938?
Which act empowered the FDA to monitor and regulate drug safety in 1938?
What is the focus of Phase IV Studies in drug evaluation?
What is the focus of Phase IV Studies in drug evaluation?
Which name refers to the official, nonproprietary name for a drug?
Which name refers to the official, nonproprietary name for a drug?
What was a significant change brought by the Drug Regulation Reform Act in 1978?
What was a significant change brought by the Drug Regulation Reform Act in 1978?
What process involves testing chemicals on human volunteers?
What process involves testing chemicals on human volunteers?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for drug evaluation as per the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for drug evaluation as per the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
What is the goal of preclinical trials in drug evaluation?
What is the goal of preclinical trials in drug evaluation?
What is the primary role of nurses in dealing with pharmacotherapeutics?
What is the primary role of nurses in dealing with pharmacotherapeutics?
Which of the following drugs is derived from a natural source?
Which of the following drugs is derived from a natural source?
What type of effects do adverse drug effects refer to?
What type of effects do adverse drug effects refer to?
Which source of drugs involves using animal products?
Which source of drugs involves using animal products?
What is one effect of opium on the body?
What is one effect of opium on the body?
What type of chemical alteration is involved in producing some synthetic drugs?
What type of chemical alteration is involved in producing some synthetic drugs?
Which is a common therapeutic use of aluminum hydroxide?
Which is a common therapeutic use of aluminum hydroxide?
Which of the following is a characteristic of synthetic drugs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of synthetic drugs?
What is the primary purpose of the Orphan Drug Act of 1983?
What is the primary purpose of the Orphan Drug Act of 1983?
What does DAW stand for in the context of drug prescriptions?
What does DAW stand for in the context of drug prescriptions?
Which of the following statements about over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is accurate?
Which of the following statements about over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is accurate?
Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970?
Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970?
What is a defining characteristic of orphan drugs?
What is a defining characteristic of orphan drugs?
Which of the following best describes generic drugs?
Which of the following best describes generic drugs?
Which incentive of the Orphan Drug Act provides a financial benefit for clinical testing?
Which incentive of the Orphan Drug Act provides a financial benefit for clinical testing?
What issue can arise from the use of OTC drugs in conjunction with prescription medications?
What issue can arise from the use of OTC drugs in conjunction with prescription medications?
Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology studies the biological effects of chemicals; nurses focus on pharmacotherapeutics.
- Drugs modify physiological or pathological conditions for therapeutic purposes but may also cause adverse effects.
Nurse's Responsibilities
- Administer medications and assess drug effects.
- Intervene to improve drug regimens and provide patient education.
- Monitor patient care to prevent medication errors.
Sources of Drugs
- Natural Sources include:
- Plants: Synthetic versions of active chemicals found in plants are prominent in alternative therapies.
- Animal Products: Replacing human chemicals due to genetic issues, often created synthetically now.
- Inorganic Compounds: Salts of various elements with therapeutic effects.
Examples of Plant-derived Drugs
- Digoxin: A cardiac glycoside from foxglove, used for heart effects.
- Opium: Induces euphoria and pain relief but causes constipation and dryness in mucous membranes.
Inorganic Drug Examples
- Aluminum Hydroxide: Used for acid indigestion as part of antacid class.
- Fluoride Toothpaste: Prevents tooth decay, particularly effective in fluoridated areas.
- Iron Supplements: Treats anemia by boosting hemoglobin and red blood cell production.
- Gold: Used for rheumatoid arthritis treatment, particularly effective in early stages.
Drug Standards and Legislation
- United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USP-NF): Establishes standards for:
- Therapeutic use, safety, quality, purity, strength, packaging safety, dosage form.
- The Philippine Pharmacopeia: Official reference for drug identity and quality in the Philippines.
FDA Modernization Act (1997)
- Accelerated drug review processes.
- Ensured testing in children and required clinical trial data for new drugs.
- Mandated disclosure of “off-label” drug uses and advanced notices for discontinuations.
Drug Evaluation Process
- Preclinical Trials: Chemicals tested on lab animals.
- Phase I: Testing on human volunteers.
- Phase II: Trials on informed patients with the condition.
- Phase III: Broad clinical market trials for safety achievements.
- Phase IV: Ongoing evaluations for unrecognized side effects.
Drug Regulation History
- 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Empowered the FDA to ensure drug safety and accurate labeling.
- 1978 Drug Regulation Reform Act: Shortened drug development times while protecting patient rights.
Drug Naming Conventions
- Chemical Names: Describe the drug's structure.
- Generic Names: Official nonproprietary names accepted universally.
- Brand Names: Proprietary names chosen by manufacturers, trademarked.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
- OTC drugs can mask symptoms, leading to diagnostic challenges and interactions with prescription medications.
- Some drugs have been safely repurposed from prescription-only to OTC.
Orphan Drugs
- Orphan drugs target rare diseases but lack financial viability.
- Orphan Drug Act of 1983: Encourages development through federal funding, tax credits, and exclusive marketing rights for 7 years.
Controlled Substances Act (1970)
- Establishes strict regulations for the prescription, distribution, and use of controlled substances.
- Promotes drug education and research on dependency treatment and prevention.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of pharmacology, focusing on the biological effects of drugs and their role in nursing practice. Learn about therapeutic and adverse effects of pharmacotherapeutics as you test your knowledge on this crucial aspect of healthcare.
