Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term best describes the study of how drugs affect living organisms?
Which term best describes the study of how drugs affect living organisms?
What is the term used to describe how the body processes drugs, including absorption, distribution, and excretion?
What is the term used to describe how the body processes drugs, including absorption, distribution, and excretion?
Which of the following describes a drug's registered trademark name?
Which of the following describes a drug's registered trademark name?
A drug's chemical structure and composition are described by its:
A drug's chemical structure and composition are described by its:
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What is the typical length of patent protection for a newly discovered drug molecule?
What is the typical length of patent protection for a newly discovered drug molecule?
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Why are trade names typically easier to remember than generic drug names?
Why are trade names typically easier to remember than generic drug names?
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Which of the following best defines a 'biosimilar' drug?
Which of the following best defines a 'biosimilar' drug?
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What is a main characteristic of generic drugs after a patent for a drug expires?
What is a main characteristic of generic drugs after a patent for a drug expires?
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What primarily causes idiosyncratic drug reactions?
What primarily causes idiosyncratic drug reactions?
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What study focuses on understanding genetic traits revealed through drug administration?
What study focuses on understanding genetic traits revealed through drug administration?
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Which deficiency is given as an example of an idiosyncratic drug reaction?
Which deficiency is given as an example of an idiosyncratic drug reaction?
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What is a common consequence of drug interactions?
What is a common consequence of drug interactions?
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What triggers idiosyncratic reactions to drugs?
What triggers idiosyncratic reactions to drugs?
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What must be proven before one drug can be therapeutically substituted for another?
What must be proven before one drug can be therapeutically substituted for another?
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Which of the following best describes pharmacodynamics?
Which of the following best describes pharmacodynamics?
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Why are prototypical drugs significant in pharmacology?
Why are prototypical drugs significant in pharmacology?
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What is the primary focus of pharmacotherapeutics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacotherapeutics?
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How are drugs categorized by their pharmacologic classes?
How are drugs categorized by their pharmacologic classes?
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What is the study of toxicology primarily concerned with?
What is the study of toxicology primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following describes the role of pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following describes the role of pharmacokinetics?
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What factor determines the rate at which drug dissolution occurs?
What factor determines the rate at which drug dissolution occurs?
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Which type of drug is designed to resist disintegration in the stomach's acidic environment?
Which type of drug is designed to resist disintegration in the stomach's acidic environment?
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What happens to previously off-label drug indications over time?
What happens to previously off-label drug indications over time?
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What is pharmacoeconomics primarily concerned with?
What is pharmacoeconomics primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of the study of pharmaceutics?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of the study of pharmaceutics?
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How does particle size affect the absorption of a drug?
How does particle size affect the absorption of a drug?
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What is a primary advantage of sublingual drug administration?
What is a primary advantage of sublingual drug administration?
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What is a potential disadvantage of the rectal route for drug administration?
What is a potential disadvantage of the rectal route for drug administration?
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Why might topical medications sometimes be messy or awkward to self-administer?
Why might topical medications sometimes be messy or awkward to self-administer?
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What is a key nursing consideration when administering transdermal medications?
What is a key nursing consideration when administering transdermal medications?
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In terms of drug distribution, which areas of the body receive drugs first due to extensive blood supply?
In terms of drug distribution, which areas of the body receive drugs first due to extensive blood supply?
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What can cause an increased risk of drug toxicity in patients with low albumin levels?
What can cause an increased risk of drug toxicity in patients with low albumin levels?
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What is a significant concern regarding inhalational drug administration?
What is a significant concern regarding inhalational drug administration?
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Which route of administration can lead to both first-pass and non-first-pass metabolism effects?
Which route of administration can lead to both first-pass and non-first-pass metabolism effects?
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What must be done to the skin before applying a transdermal patch?
What must be done to the skin before applying a transdermal patch?
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Which characteristic defines the buccal route of drug administration?
Which characteristic defines the buccal route of drug administration?
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What is one disadvantage of using the topical route for medication delivery?
What is one disadvantage of using the topical route for medication delivery?
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What is an important factor regarding absorption when using inhalational routes?
What is an important factor regarding absorption when using inhalational routes?
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The presence of which protein affects the pharmacological activity of a drug in the bloodstream?
The presence of which protein affects the pharmacological activity of a drug in the bloodstream?
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What is a significant advantage of extended-release dosage forms over immediate-release forms?
What is a significant advantage of extended-release dosage forms over immediate-release forms?
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Why should extended-release tablets not be crushed?
Why should extended-release tablets not be crushed?
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Which of the following terms indicates a form of extended-release dosage?
Which of the following terms indicates a form of extended-release dosage?
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What must be considered when crushing a medication for administration?
What must be considered when crushing a medication for administration?
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What role does the liver play in drug absorption for orally administered medications?
What role does the liver play in drug absorption for orally administered medications?
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How are topical dosage forms generally characterized?
How are topical dosage forms generally characterized?
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What is meant by bioavailability?
What is meant by bioavailability?
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Which type of dosage form is specifically designed to dissolve in the mouth?
Which type of dosage form is specifically designed to dissolve in the mouth?
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What is the primary advantage of parenteral medication administration?
What is the primary advantage of parenteral medication administration?
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Which route of parenteral administration delivers drugs directly into the bloodstream?
Which route of parenteral administration delivers drugs directly into the bloodstream?
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What must be similar for parenteral forms to be safe for injection?
What must be similar for parenteral forms to be safe for injection?
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What is the typical onset time for a medication administered intravenously compared to orally?
What is the typical onset time for a medication administered intravenously compared to orally?
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In pharmacokinetics, what does the term 'absorption' refer to?
In pharmacokinetics, what does the term 'absorption' refer to?
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What is a characteristic of intravenous drug administration?
What is a characteristic of intravenous drug administration?
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What distinguishes intramuscular injections from subcutaneous injections?
What distinguishes intramuscular injections from subcutaneous injections?
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Which of the following is a potential risk when injecting parenteral drugs?
Which of the following is a potential risk when injecting parenteral drugs?
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Which of the following is true about depot drugs administered intramuscularly?
Which of the following is true about depot drugs administered intramuscularly?
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In which situation should the route of administration for a medication NOT be changed?
In which situation should the route of administration for a medication NOT be changed?
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What type of dosage form must not be crushed due to its coating?
What type of dosage form must not be crushed due to its coating?
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What is a likely complication of using topical drug administration?
What is a likely complication of using topical drug administration?
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Why do orally administered drugs often have bioavailability less than 100%?
Why do orally administered drugs often have bioavailability less than 100%?
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What type of absorption is seen with rectal administration of medications?
What type of absorption is seen with rectal administration of medications?
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What characteristic of topical medications affects their systemic absorption?
What characteristic of topical medications affects their systemic absorption?
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Why should one be cautious when using nasal sprays?
Why should one be cautious when using nasal sprays?
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Which of these routes of drug administration avoids the first-pass effect?
Which of these routes of drug administration avoids the first-pass effect?
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Which route is typically used for medications that require long-term, steady administration?
Which route is typically used for medications that require long-term, steady administration?
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What is a significant risk associated with drug absorption influenced by insufficient blood flow?
What is a significant risk associated with drug absorption influenced by insufficient blood flow?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a parenteral route?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a parenteral route?
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What is bioequivalence in the context of drug products?
What is bioequivalence in the context of drug products?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for the elimination of drugs from the body?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the elimination of drugs from the body?
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Which route of administration results in the fastest absorption of drugs?
Which route of administration results in the fastest absorption of drugs?
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Which form of nitroglycerin provides immediate action for a patient experiencing chest pain?
Which form of nitroglycerin provides immediate action for a patient experiencing chest pain?
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What process primarily allows for the elimination of free water-soluble drugs from the kidneys?
What process primarily allows for the elimination of free water-soluble drugs from the kidneys?
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What effect does first-pass metabolism have on drug absorption?
What effect does first-pass metabolism have on drug absorption?
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What is the fate of drugs that undergo enterohepatic recirculation?
What is the fate of drugs that undergo enterohepatic recirculation?
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Which factors can alter the absorption of drugs taken orally?
Which factors can alter the absorption of drugs taken orally?
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What is drug half-life defined as?
What is drug half-life defined as?
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What happens when Mrs. A chews her extended-release nitroglycerin tablet?
What happens when Mrs. A chews her extended-release nitroglycerin tablet?
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After how many half-lives is a drug typically considered effectively removed from the body?
After how many half-lives is a drug typically considered effectively removed from the body?
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Which route of drug administration can be affected by gastric dumping syndrome?
Which route of drug administration can be affected by gastric dumping syndrome?
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Why are drugs usually metabolized in the liver before reaching the kidneys?
Why are drugs usually metabolized in the liver before reaching the kidneys?
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What signifies the steady state in drug pharmacokinetics?
What signifies the steady state in drug pharmacokinetics?
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How might the presence of food alter drug absorption for fat-soluble drugs?
How might the presence of food alter drug absorption for fat-soluble drugs?
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What is the purpose of enteric coating on medications?
What is the purpose of enteric coating on medications?
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What does the peak effect of a drug refer to?
What does the peak effect of a drug refer to?
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Sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration are characterized by which feature?
Sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration are characterized by which feature?
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Which of the following is NOT a route of drug elimination?
Which of the following is NOT a route of drug elimination?
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What happens to the concentration of a drug in the body as it is eliminated?
What happens to the concentration of a drug in the body as it is eliminated?
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What is the impact of anticholinergic drugs on gastrointestinal transit time?
What is the impact of anticholinergic drugs on gastrointestinal transit time?
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What might occur if the peak blood level of a drug is too high?
What might occur if the peak blood level of a drug is too high?
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Which of the following medications should be taken on an empty stomach?
Which of the following medications should be taken on an empty stomach?
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In terms of drug delivery, which of the following is NOT considered a parenteral route?
In terms of drug delivery, which of the following is NOT considered a parenteral route?
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What term describes the physiologic reactions of the body in response to a drug?
What term describes the physiologic reactions of the body in response to a drug?
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What would likely occur if the trough blood level of a drug is too low?
What would likely occur if the trough blood level of a drug is too low?
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Why might the absorption of drugs be decreased in a patient experiencing sepsis?
Why might the absorption of drugs be decreased in a patient experiencing sepsis?
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Which type of therapy aims to prevent the progression of a disease or condition?
Which type of therapy aims to prevent the progression of a disease or condition?
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What therapy is commonly used for conditions in the end stages of illness?
What therapy is commonly used for conditions in the end stages of illness?
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Which type of therapy is given to provide the body with a substance it can't produce or produce in sufficient quantities?
Which type of therapy is given to provide the body with a substance it can't produce or produce in sufficient quantities?
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What type of therapy is administered before a surgical procedure to prevent infections?
What type of therapy is administered before a surgical procedure to prevent infections?
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Which best describes empirical therapy?
Which best describes empirical therapy?
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A patient with newly diagnosed cancer receiving chemotherapy is an example of which type of therapy?
A patient with newly diagnosed cancer receiving chemotherapy is an example of which type of therapy?
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What type of therapy is used to maintain blood pressure within given limits to prevent end-organ damage?
What type of therapy is used to maintain blood pressure within given limits to prevent end-organ damage?
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What is the primary goal of palliative therapy?
What is the primary goal of palliative therapy?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of supportive therapy?
Which of the following is NOT an example of supportive therapy?
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What is the therapeutic index of a drug?
What is the therapeutic index of a drug?
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Why is monitoring a patient's response to medication important?
Why is monitoring a patient's response to medication important?
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How can drug accumulation occur?
How can drug accumulation occur?
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What does a low therapeutic index indicate about a drug?
What does a low therapeutic index indicate about a drug?
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Which of the following is considered a drug with a low therapeutic index?
Which of the following is considered a drug with a low therapeutic index?
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Why are drug concentrations in the blood important?
Why are drug concentrations in the blood important?
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What type of therapy aims to provide comfort and relief from symptoms associated with a serious illness?
What type of therapy aims to provide comfort and relief from symptoms associated with a serious illness?
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What is a potential consequence of two highly protein-bound medications competing for binding sites?
What is a potential consequence of two highly protein-bound medications competing for binding sites?
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What term describes the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive or less active metabolite?
What term describes the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive or less active metabolite?
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Which of the following describes a drug that is hydrophilic?
Which of the following describes a drug that is hydrophilic?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?
Which organ is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?
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What characteristic do lipophilic drugs typically have concerning volume of distribution?
What characteristic do lipophilic drugs typically have concerning volume of distribution?
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What is the role of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in drug metabolism?
What is the role of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in drug metabolism?
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What would be the likely effect of an enzyme inhibitor on drug metabolism?
What would be the likely effect of an enzyme inhibitor on drug metabolism?
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What is indicated when a drug is described as a substrate for cytochrome P-450 enzymes?
What is indicated when a drug is described as a substrate for cytochrome P-450 enzymes?
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Which of the following can influence the metabolism of drugs?
Which of the following can influence the metabolism of drugs?
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What typically results from repeated administration of enzyme inducers?
What typically results from repeated administration of enzyme inducers?
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What is the primary effect of a poor blood supply on drug distribution?
What is the primary effect of a poor blood supply on drug distribution?
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What is the main function of P-glycoprotein in drug interactions?
What is the main function of P-glycoprotein in drug interactions?
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Which form of biotransformation typically results in a more water-soluble compound?
Which form of biotransformation typically results in a more water-soluble compound?
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What is a primary advantage of using transdermal patches for drug delivery?
What is a primary advantage of using transdermal patches for drug delivery?
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Inhaled drugs need to be in micrometer-sized particles because they must reach which part of the lungs?
Inhaled drugs need to be in micrometer-sized particles because they must reach which part of the lungs?
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What is a disadvantage of intravenous (IV) drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of intravenous (IV) drug administration?
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Which route of administration is indicated for drugs that are poorly soluble and require prolonged absorption?
Which route of administration is indicated for drugs that are poorly soluble and require prolonged absorption?
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Why are inhaled drugs effective for treating pulmonary diseases?
Why are inhaled drugs effective for treating pulmonary diseases?
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What nursing consideration is crucial when administering intravenous (IV) medications?
What nursing consideration is crucial when administering intravenous (IV) medications?
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What is a necessary consideration when administering oral medications through a nasogastric tube?
What is a necessary consideration when administering oral medications through a nasogastric tube?
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What gauge needle is generally recommended for intramuscular (IM) injections?
What gauge needle is generally recommended for intramuscular (IM) injections?
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Which type of drug formulation is likely to be ineffective when taken orally due to gastrointestinal variables?
Which type of drug formulation is likely to be ineffective when taken orally due to gastrointestinal variables?
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Which of the following statements regarding subcutaneous (SUBQ) injections is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding subcutaneous (SUBQ) injections is correct?
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Which route is associated with the lowest risk of needlestick injury?
Which route is associated with the lowest risk of needlestick injury?
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What is a characteristic of drugs administered via the oral route?
What is a characteristic of drugs administered via the oral route?
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Why is it important to select the correct syringe size for injections?
Why is it important to select the correct syringe size for injections?
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What is a disadvantage of intramuscular and subcutaneous administration compared to intravenous administration?
What is a disadvantage of intramuscular and subcutaneous administration compared to intravenous administration?
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What term is used for the concentration level at which a drug starts to have an effect?
What term is used for the concentration level at which a drug starts to have an effect?
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How do drugs typically interact with receptors to produce a pharmacologic response?
How do drugs typically interact with receptors to produce a pharmacologic response?
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What does the term 'affinity' refer to in drug-receptor interactions?
What does the term 'affinity' refer to in drug-receptor interactions?
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Which type of drug binds to a receptor but does not produce a response?
Which type of drug binds to a receptor but does not produce a response?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in drug action?
What is the primary role of enzymes in drug action?
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Nonselective interactions of drugs primarily target which cellular components?
Nonselective interactions of drugs primarily target which cellular components?
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For effective drug therapy, how should therapeutic outcomes be established?
For effective drug therapy, how should therapeutic outcomes be established?
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What is the consequence of a drug that acts as a competitive antagonist?
What is the consequence of a drug that acts as a competitive antagonist?
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Which step is crucial before initiating drug therapy?
Which step is crucial before initiating drug therapy?
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What distinguishes a partial agonist from a full agonist?
What distinguishes a partial agonist from a full agonist?
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What does a noncompetitive antagonist do at the receptor site?
What does a noncompetitive antagonist do at the receptor site?
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What is the commonly accepted goal of drug therapy?
What is the commonly accepted goal of drug therapy?
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What can result from the combination of warfarin and amiodarone?
What can result from the combination of warfarin and amiodarone?
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What is a potential outcome of metabolic competition between erythromycin and cyclosporine?
What is a potential outcome of metabolic competition between erythromycin and cyclosporine?
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How does probenecid affect amoxicillin levels in the body?
How does probenecid affect amoxicillin levels in the body?
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What characterizes an adverse drug event (ADE)?
What characterizes an adverse drug event (ADE)?
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Which type of adverse event is classified as preventable?
Which type of adverse event is classified as preventable?
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What is an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?
What is an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?
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Which describes a pharmacologic reaction?
Which describes a pharmacologic reaction?
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What is a key characteristic of hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a key characteristic of hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is a common cause of medication errors?
What is a common cause of medication errors?
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What might a severe allergic reaction lead to?
What might a severe allergic reaction lead to?
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What is a potential adverse consequence of stopping antibiotic therapy too soon?
What is a potential adverse consequence of stopping antibiotic therapy too soon?
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Which of the following could be classified as a potential ADE?
Which of the following could be classified as a potential ADE?
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What defines an adverse drug withdrawal event?
What defines an adverse drug withdrawal event?
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What is the primary consequence of impaired liver or kidney function regarding drug levels in the body?
What is the primary consequence of impaired liver or kidney function regarding drug levels in the body?
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Which factor is NOT considered when assessing a patient's response to drug therapy?
Which factor is NOT considered when assessing a patient's response to drug therapy?
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How does tolerance differ from dependence in the context of drug use?
How does tolerance differ from dependence in the context of drug use?
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What is a common result of drug interactions caused by competition for metabolizing enzymes?
What is a common result of drug interactions caused by competition for metabolizing enzymes?
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What is referred to as an antagonistic effect in drug interactions?
What is referred to as an antagonistic effect in drug interactions?
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What is the effect of consuming dairy products while taking tetracycline antibiotics?
What is the effect of consuming dairy products while taking tetracycline antibiotics?
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Which of the following substances is known to cause a hypertensive crisis when taken with monoamine oxidase inhibitors?
Which of the following substances is known to cause a hypertensive crisis when taken with monoamine oxidase inhibitors?
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What does the term 'drug incompatibility' typically refer to?
What does the term 'drug incompatibility' typically refer to?
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Which psychological factor is known to significantly affect a patient's response to drug therapy?
Which psychological factor is known to significantly affect a patient's response to drug therapy?
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What occurs during the absorption phase when antacids are administered with levofloxacin?
What occurs during the absorption phase when antacids are administered with levofloxacin?
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Which of the following categories of drugs is most likely to cause significant interactions with over-the-counter medications?
Which of the following categories of drugs is most likely to cause significant interactions with over-the-counter medications?
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Which term best describes the effect where two drugs given together produce a combined effect that is greater than the sum of their effects when given separately?
Which term best describes the effect where two drugs given together produce a combined effect that is greater than the sum of their effects when given separately?
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What impact can the use of herbal therapies have on prescribed medications?
What impact can the use of herbal therapies have on prescribed medications?
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What is an important consideration in patients receiving multiple medications regarding drug interactions?
What is an important consideration in patients receiving multiple medications regarding drug interactions?
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Study Notes
Drug Pharmacology
- Drugs are chemical substances that affect the physiological processes of living organisms.
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs.
- Drug study encompasses various aspects, including absorption, biochemical effects, biotransformation, distribution, drug origins, history, excretion, mechanisms of action, physical and chemical properties, physical effects, drug receptor mechanisms, therapeutic, and toxic effects.
Drug Names and Categorization
- Drugs have three names: chemical, generic (non-proprietary), and trade (proprietary).
- Chemical names precisely describe molecular structure.
- Generic names are shorter and used in official drug lists.
- Trade names are patented, registered trademarks, often optimized for marketability.
- Biosimilars are copies of authorized biological products.
- Drugs are categorized by similar properties (drug classification).
Drug Dosage Forms
- Dosage forms (tablets, capsules, liquids) influence absorption rate.
- Liquid forms dissolve and absorb faster than solid forms.
- Enteric-coated tablets dissolve in the intestines.
- Particle size can affect dissolution and absorption rates.
- Combination dosage forms contain multiple drugs in one dose (e.g., Caduet).
- Extended-release forms (SR, SA, CR, XL, XT) release drugs over time; they shouldn't be crushed.
- Orally disintegrating tablets dissolve in the mouth.
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug.
- Stages include absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion.
- Absorption moves drug into bloodstream; bioavailability expresses absorption extent.
- Drugs absorbed from the intestines must pass the liver (first-pass effect).
- IV drugs have 100% bioavailability.
- Bioequivalence means similar bioavailability and active ingredient concentration.
- Factors affecting absorption: administration route, dosage form.
Drug Routes of Administration
- Enteral: drugs absorbed through the GI tract (oral, rectal).
- Parenteral: drugs not via the GI tract (injection).
- Topical: drugs applied to skin or other body surfaces.
- Sublingual/buccal: rapid absorption under or between tongue/cheek.
- Transdermal: constant drug release through skin patches.
- Inhaled: drug delivery directly into lungs.
Distribution
- Distribution is drug transport to the site of action via bloodstream.
- Drugs first reach areas with high blood supply (heart, liver, kidneys, brain).
- Only unbound drug molecules can distribute to tissues.
- Albumin is the primary protein binding drug, some conditions (burns, malnutrition) can increase risk of drug toxicity.
- Competition for binding sites possible resulting in drug-drug interactions.
- Volume of distribution describes drug distribution in various body compartments.
Metabolism
- Metabolism (biotransformation) chemically alters drugs.
- Liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism.
- P450 enzymes are important for drug metabolism.
- Drug substrates are molecules metabolized by specific enzymes.
- Some drugs can inhibit or induce drug-metabolizing enzymes potentially resulting in drug-drug interactions.
- Variability in metabolism from patient to patient based on genes, diseases, and other medications.
Excretion
- Excretion is removal of drugs from the body. Kidneys are the primary organ.
- Liver and intestines also excrete drugs (biliary excretion).
- Enterohepatic recirculation prolongs drug duration in the body.
- Half-life is the time for 50% of a drug to be eliminated; reaching a steady state.
Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacodynamics describes a drug's effect on the body.
- Mechanisms include receptor interactions, enzyme interactions, and nonspecific interactions.
- Agonists, antagonists and partial agonists are different types of interactions.
- Receptor interactions are drug interactions with receptors on or within cells.
- Drug effects are the body's physiological response to a drug.
- Drug effects (onset, peak, duration) impact clinical response.
Pharmacotherapeutics
- Pharmacotherapeutics is the clinical use of drugs to treat diseases.
- Patient-specific goals and outcomes are established pre-therapy
- Types of drug therapy (acute, maintenance, supplemental, palliative, supportive, prophylactic, and empirical).
- Monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects following therapy.
- Recognizing potential drug toxicity.
Adverse Drug Events and Drug Interactions
- Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) are undesirable drug-related outcomes.
- Medication errors and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are types of ADEs.
- Pharmacologic, hypersensitivity (allergic), idiosyncratic reactions, and drug interactions are different types of ADRs.
- Drug interactions can occur between drugs, food and other agents; some interactions are beneficial.
- Factors like concurrent diseases, tolerance, dependence can affect drug response.
- Therapeutic index quantifies a drug's safety (low = greater risk of overdose).
- Drug concentrations are important for assessing treatment success and minimizing toxicity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in pharmacology, including drug effects on living organisms, drug processing by the body, and the differences between trade names and generic drugs. This quiz covers important terminology and principles relevant to the field.
