Pharmacology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics best describes an agonist?

  • It binds to a receptor but produces a greater effect than a full agonist.
  • It has no affinity for receptors and does not interact with them.
  • It binds to a receptor and inhibits cell function without producing a response.
  • It displays affinity for a receptor, binds to it, and stimulates the receptor to produce a response similar to an endogenous substance. (correct)

    • What is the primary difference between a full agonist and a partial agonist?

  • A full agonist produces the maximal possible effect, while a partial agonist produces a smaller effect, even when binding to all available receptors. (correct)
  • A full agonist only binds to alpha receptors, while a partial agonist only binds to beta receptors.
  • A full agonist has no affinity for the receptor, while a partial agonist has high affinity.
  • A full agonist inhibits cell function, while a partial agonist stimulates it.

    • How does an antagonist affect receptor activity?

  • It has no affinity for receptors and does not affect their function.
  • It binds to the receptor but does not produce a response, thereby inhibiting cell function. (correct)
  • It stimulates the receptor to produce a response greater than the endogenous substance.
  • It binds to the receptor and enhances its normal function.

    • Epinephrine-like drugs that act on the heart to increase heart rate are examples of what?

    <p>Agonists that stimulate adrenergic receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the interaction between a drug and a receptor?

    <p>A drug's affinity for a receptor influences its ability to bind to that receptor, while its intrinsic activity determines the drug's capacity, upon binding, to activate the receptor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug names is the generic name for Tylenol?

    <p>Acetaminophen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes pharmacokinetics?

    <p>What the body does to the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The drug's actions on the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transportation of a drug to various parts of the body?

    <p>Distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of drug metabolism (biotransformation)?

    <p>To chemically modify the drug, often detoxifying or activating it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a trade name for diazepam?

    <p>Valium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bioavailability testing primarily regulate?

    <p>The absorption rate, extent and therapeutic effects of drugs that differ in sizes and forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which drugs are eliminated from the body?

    <p>Excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could result from an excessive amount of free drug molecules in the body?

    <p>Overdose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of drug metabolism?

    <p>To chemically alter drugs for detoxification and excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction is primarily facilitated by CYP450 enzymes in drug metabolism?

    <p>Oxidation and reduction reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to convert lipid-soluble drugs to water-soluble drugs during metabolism?

    <p>To facilitate their excretion by the kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of reduced drug metabolism in elderly patients?

    <p>Accumulation of active drug and subsequent toxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which primary route are most drugs excreted from the body?

    <p>Through the kidneys and urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does kidney function influence drug excretion?

    <p>It significantly determines the efficiency of drug excretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a drug has a half-life of 4 hours, approximately how long will it take for the drug to be almost completely eliminated from the body after a single dose?

    <p>20 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT a primary component of pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Diagnosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of bioavailability?

    <p>The percentage of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration typically results in the greatest absorption?

    <p>Intravenous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate and extent of drug absorption are most affected by which of the following factors?

    <p>The nature of the drug and route of administration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>To chemically modify the drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'What the body does to the drug'?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the processes refers to the elimination of the drug from the body?

    <p>Excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug administered intravenously has a bioavailability of:

    <p>100% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering medication?

    <p>To diagnose, prevent, cure, treat symptoms, prevent disease, or relieve symptoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components would you expect to find on a prescription?

    <p>The patient’s name, medication name, dose, route, frequency, amount of medication, doctor’s signature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient asks about the difference between prescription and nonprescription (OTC) medications. What is the most accurate explanation?

    <p>Prescription medications require a written direction from a licensed practitioner, whereas OTC medications can be purchased without one. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition Pharmacology?

    <p>The study of the effects of drugs on living systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a pharmacist primarily play in healthcare?

    <p>Preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs as ordered by a physician/ dentist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a drug derived from a natural source?

    <p>Digoxin extracted from foxglove plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher is studying the structure of a new drug molecule. Which name is he most likely to use to describe the drug in his research?

    <p>Chemical name (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a drug's generic name and its brand name?

    <p>The generic name is standardized and internationally recognized, while brand names can vary and is given by the manufacturing company. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for administering repeated doses of a drug?

    <p>To maintain a constant drug level within the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug has a half-life of 4 hours. Approximately how much of the drug will remain in the body 12 hours after the initial dose?

    <p>12.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a loading dose be given at the beginning of drug treatment?

    <p>To rapidly achieve the desired therapeutic concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'peak plasma level' in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>It represents the time when the rate of drug absorption equals the rate of drug elimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many half-lives does it typically take for a drug's concentration in plasma to reach a steady level (plateau) with regular maintenance doses?

    <p>4-5 half-lives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does duration of action refer to pharmacologically?

    <p>The length of time a drug produces its therapeutic effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily adjusts within maintenance dose regimens?

    <p>The rate of drug administration such that input equals rate of loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a drug is administered intravenously, what is characteristic of the drug level immediately after administration?

    <p>The drug level is high immediately. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Medication

    A chemical compound used for diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of symptoms or diseases.

    Prescription

    A written direction for drug preparation and administration including patient and medication details.

    Nonprescription Medication

    Drugs that can be bought without a prescription for health promotion or mild conditions.

    Pharmacology

    The study of how drugs affect living systems and their functions.

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    Pharmacy

    The place where drugs are prepared, compounded, and dispensed.

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    Chemical Name

    The name describing a drug’s structure based on its chemical makeup, rarely used clinically.

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    Generic Name

    The official name given to a drug after approval, used universally and recognized internationally.

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    Brand Name

    A short and memorable name given by manufacturers, often under patent protection.

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    Acetaminophen

    A common pain reliever and fever reducer, also known as paracetamol.

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    Bioavailability

    The degree and rate at which a drug is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action.

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    Pharmacokinetics

    What the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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    Pharmacodynamics

    What the drug does to the body, including the mechanism of action and effects.

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    Absorption

    The process by which a drug passes into the bloodstream.

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    Distribution

    Transportation of the drug to various parts of the body.

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    Metabolism

    The chemical modification made by an organism on a drug, often leading to detoxification.

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    Excretion

    The elimination of the drug from the body.

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    Bioavailability (BA)

    The percentage of drug that reaches systemic circulation and is available for action at the site.

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    Intravenous (IV)

    A method of drug administration that delivers medication directly into the veins for maximum absorption (100% BA).

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    Rate of Absorption

    The speed at which a drug is absorbed into the body, influenced by the drug's properties and administration route.

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    Agonist

    A drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates a response similar to an endogenous substance.

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    Partial Agonist

    A drug that binds to a receptor but produces a smaller effect than a full agonist.

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    Antagonist

    A drug that binds to a receptor without producing a response, inhibiting cell function.

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    Affinity

    The strength of binding between a drug and its receptor.

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    Epinephrine-like drugs

    Drugs that stimulate the heart by acting like epinephrine, increasing heart rate.

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    Free Drug Molecules

    These are drug molecules that are not bound to proteins in the blood, resulting in higher pharmacological effects.

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    Pharmacological Effects

    The effects that a drug has on the body, which can be enhanced by free drug molecules.

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    Drug Metabolism

    The chemical alteration of drugs in the body, often necessary for detoxification and excretion.

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    CYP450 Enzymes

    A group of enzymes responsible for oxidation and reduction reactions in drug metabolism.

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    Renal Excretion

    The process of eliminating drugs from the body through the kidneys and urine.

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    Drug Half-life

    The time required to eliminate half of the drug from the body, guiding dosing schedules.

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    Elderly Drug Metabolism

    The elderly often experience slowed drug metabolism due to liver size and function decline.

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    Toxicity Accumulation

    The risk of drug buildup in the body leading to adverse effects, particularly in infants and elderly.

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    Repeated Doses

    Multiple doses required to maintain a consistent drug level in the body.

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    Loading Dose

    An initial higher dose of a drug given to quickly achieve the desired drug level.

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    Maintenance Dose

    A lower dose given after the loading dose to maintain drug levels.

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    Peak Plasma Level

    The maximum concentration of a drug in the blood after administration.

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    Plateau

    The steady state of drug concentration achieved after multiple doses.

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    Duration of Action

    The length of time a drug produces its therapeutic effect.

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    Therapeutic Effect

    The intended beneficial effect of a drug on the body.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Medication is a chemical compound or substance used for diagnosis, prevention, cure, or treatment of diseases, or to relieve symptoms. It affects physiological functions in living organisms.
    • A prescription is a written direction for preparing and administering a drug. It includes the patient's name, medication name, dose, route, frequency, amount of medication, doctor's signature, and more.
    • Nonprescription/OTC medication can be purchased without a prescription. It's used to promote health or treat mild health problems.
    • Pharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the functions of living systems.
    • A pharmacy is the place where drugs are prepared, compounded, and dispensed.
    • A pharmacist prepares, makes and dispenses drugs as ordered by a physician/dentist.

    Sources of Drugs

    • Drugs can be natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic.
    • Plants (e.g., foxglove - digoxin)
    • Animals (e.g., pregnant mare serum - conjugated estrogens)
    • Micro-organisms (e.g., Penicillium mold - penicillin)
    • Minerals (e.g., iron)
    • Synthetic chemistry
    • Genetic engineering (e.g., insulin)

    Drug Names

    • Chemical name: Describes the drug's atomic/molecular structure and functional groups; rarely used clinically.
    • Generic name: Assigned by regulatory bodies (e.g., United States Adopted Names Council); used globally throughout the drug's life cycle; typically unique to a drug.
    • Brand name/Trade name/Proprietary name: Given by the manufacturer; used for marketing purposes; often short and easily remembered. One drug may have several brand names.

    Brand vs Generic Drugs

    • No difference in active ingredients, strength, or dosage
    • Brand names may be more expensive
    • Insurance coverage may vary
    • FDA testing and approval applies to both

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug:
    • Absorption: passage of drug into the bloodstream.
    • Distribution: transport of the drug to various parts.
    • Metabolism (biotransformation): modifying drugs chemically in the body (often detoxifying).
    • Excretion: elimination of the drug from the body.

    Drug Absorption

    • Absorption is the process of drugs entering the bloodstream.
    • Drugs must be administered in the correct form and via the correct route.
    • Administration directly into veins/arteries results in the greatest absorption rate.

    Bioavailability (BA)

    • Bioavailability is the percentage of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation and can access its target site.
    • Intravenous (IV) administration results in complete bioavailability.
    • Absorption rate and extent are influenced by factors such as drug nature and administration route.

    First-Pass Metabolism

    • Oral medication is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) via the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
    • The liver metabolizes, or destroys many drugs, reducing the bioavailability of active drugs reaching their site of action.
    • Some oral drugs are partially metabolized in the liver before reaching the target organ, resulting in the need for higher oral doses.

    Drug forms

    • Specific drug forms are employed to release the drug at the desired speed.
    • Examples include tablets, capsules, suppositories, transdermal patches, and solutions.
    • Slow-release tablets may lead to reduced absorption.
    • Drugs must be dissolved in solution before being absorbed.

    Drug Distribution

    • Drug distribution is the process of drug movement from the systemic circulation to the target site in the body.
    • Organs with extensive blood supply (e.g., liver, kidneys, heart, brain) receive drugs more rapidly than those with less blood supply.
    • Drugs cross capillary walls and cell membranes in order to reach their sites of action.

    Plasma Proteins Binding

    • Drug molecules can bind to plasma proteins, often becoming inactive.
    • Only unbound drugs can bind to receptor sites and produce a physiological effect.
    • Highly protein-bound drugs require higher doses to achieve therapeutic effects.

    Drug Metabolism

    • Biotransformation, or drug metabolism, is the chemical alteration of drugs and other foreign substances to the body.
    • Involves enzymatic reactions that convert drugs into more watersoluble forms for easier excretion by the kidneys.
    • Development changes, like immature livers in infants or decreased liver function in older adults, affect drug metabolism.

    Drug Excretion

    • Drug excretion is the removal of drugs from the body.
    • Kidney function is crucial for excreting many drugs through urine.
    • Other routes of excretion include the GI tract (bile), lungs, and exocrine glands.

    Drug Half-Life

    • Drug half-life is the time needed to eliminate one-half of the drug from the body.
    • Repeated doses are needed to maintain a constant level.
    • Factors like absorption, metabolism, and excretion influence half-life.

    Loading Dose & Maintenance Dose

    • A loading dose is a high initial dose given at the start of a drug regimen to quickly achieve a therapeutic level.
    • A maintenance dose is a smaller subsequent dose administered regularly to maintain the therapeutic level.

    Peak Plasma Levels

    • Peak plasma level is the highest concentration of a drug in the blood after administration.
    • Reaches a peak when absorption rate equals elimination rate.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • Pharmacodynamics explains what the drug does to the body.
    • The mechanism of action (MOA) relates to drug-receptor interactions.
    • Agonists activate receptors, while antagonists block them.

    Receptors

    • Receptors are the drug's specific target (like a lock-and-key mechanism).
    • Binding to receptors is usually reversible; drug action stops when the drug detaches from the receptor.
    • Drug effects result from interactions with receptor sites.

    Agonists and Antagonists

    • Agonists stimulate receptors to produce an effect similar to their endogenous counterparts.
    • Antagonists block receptors, preventing the effects of endogenous substances or agonist drugs.

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