Pharmacology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of clinical pharmacology?

  • The development of new pharmaceuticals
  • The study of the molecular structure of drugs
  • The study of the effects of drugs on the environment
  • The study of the complex interaction between the drug and the patient (correct)

    • What is a drug, according to the definition?

  • A chemical molecule that can only interact with the body at the cellular level
  • A chemical molecule that can only interact with the body at the tissue level
  • A chemical molecule that can interact with the body at the molecular level (correct)
  • A chemical molecule that cannot interact with the body at all

    • What is the main focus of pharmacodynamics?

  • The interaction between the drug and the pharmaceutical industry
  • What the drug does to the body (correct)
  • The interaction between the drug and the environment
  • What the body does to the drug

    • Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug action?

    <p>Electromagnetic interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a receptor in the context of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>A molecule that interacts with a drug to produce a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of medical pharmacology?

    <p>The science of dealing with small molecules used to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a direct chemical or physical mechanism of drug action?

    <p>Binding to a DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction between the drug and the patient in clinical pharmacology?

    <p>A complex interaction that involves the rational, safe, and effective use of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a ligand that blocks the receptor?

    <p>to inactivate the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the number of receptors occupied by a drug?

    <p>the affinity of the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the response of ion channel-linked receptors?

    <p>it is fast and short-lasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an agonist?

    <p>to activate the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of an ion channel-linked receptor?

    <p>a complex of multiple subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an agonist binds to the extracellular part of an ion channel-linked receptor?

    <p>the channel opens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of affinity in the receptor-ligand interaction?

    <p>it determines the number of receptors occupied by the ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the molecule that combines with a receptor?

    <p>ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are located in the motor end plate and respond to nicotinic Ach?

    <p>Ion channel receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of GABA receptors in the brain to stimulation?

    <p>The ion channel opens for Cl- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of G-protein-linked receptors?

    <p>Consists of 7 transmembrane subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of G-protein activation on GTP?

    <p>It binds to GTP to be phosphorylated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of stimulatory G-protein activation?

    <p>Increase in cAMP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors are examples of Gs-coupled receptors?

    <p>Beta1 and beta2-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ion channel receptors compared to G-protein-linked receptors?

    <p>Ion channel receptors are faster and shorter-lasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of binding of an agonist to the extracellular part of a G-protein-linked receptor?

    <p>Activation of the intra cellular G-protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibitory G-protein (Gi) on adenyl cyclase enzyme?

    <p>It decreases cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Gq-coupled receptors on inositol triphosphate (IP3)?

    <p>It increases IP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the TK-binding domain in tyrosine kinase (TK)-linked receptors?

    <p>It binds to tyrosine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors is NOT an example of a Gi-coupled receptor?

    <p>α1-adrenergic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IP3 on free intracellular Ca2+?

    <p>It increases free intracellular Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of the tyrosine kinase (TK)-linked receptor binds to hormones?

    <p>Extracellular hormone-binding domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Gi-coupled receptors on protein kinases?

    <p>It inhibits protein kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the transmembrane segment in tyrosine kinase (TK)-linked receptors?

    <p>It connects the extracellular and intracellular domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an agonist binds to the hormone-binding domain of a receptor?

    <p>Activation of TK enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are intracellular receptors located?

    <p>Inside the cell, either in the cytoplasm or directly on the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of intracellular receptors?

    <p>Their response is slow and their effects persist for a long time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is strong and irreversible?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of signaling proteins in the signaling pathway?

    <p>To activate several proteins in the signaling pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for an agonist to bind to an intracellular receptor?

    <p>The agonist must enter the cell to reach the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a receptor that is an intracellular receptor?

    <p>Corticosteroid receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an ionic bond?

    <p>It is an electric attraction between two opposing charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medical Pharmacology

    • Medical pharmacology is a basic science that deals with small molecules used to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases.
    • Clinical pharmacology is the science concerned with the rational, safe, and effective use of drugs in humans.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • Pharmacodynamics is the study of what a drug does to the body.
    • A drug can produce its effects through:
      • Interaction with body control systems (regulatory proteins)
      • Direct chemical or physical mechanisms
      • Interaction with certain metabolic pathways

    Receptors

    • Receptors are protein macromolecules that combine with a drug to produce an effect.
    • Ligand: any molecule that can combine with receptors.
    • Agonist: a ligand that activates the receptor.
    • Antagonist: a ligand that blocks the receptor.
    • Affinity: the empathy of the receptor to the ligand, determining the number of receptors occupied by the drug.

    Types of Receptors

    • Ion channel-linked receptors (direct ligand-gated ion channels):

      • The receptor is an ion channel consisting of 5 transmembrane subunits.
      • Binding of the agonist to the extracellular part of the receptor causes opening of the channel for a specific ion.
      • Examples: nicotinic Ach receptors in the motor end-plate, GABA receptors in the brain.

    • G-protein-linked receptors:

      • The receptor consists of 7 membrane subunits.
      • Binding of the agonist to the extracellular part of the receptor causes activation of intracellular G-protein.
      • Examples: stimulatory G-protein (Gs) leads to increase in adenyl cyclase enzyme → ↑ cAMP, inhibitory G-protein (Gi) leads to decrease in adenyl cyclase enzyme → ↓ cAMP.

    • Gq-coupled receptors:

      • They increase inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
      • IP3 increases free intracellular Ca.
      • Examples: α1-adrenergic receptors, M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors.

    • Tyrosine kinase (TK)-linked receptors:

      • The receptor consists of 2 large domains: an extracellular hormone-binding domain and an intracellular TK-binding domain.
      • Binding of the agonist to the hormone-binding domain causes activation of the intracellular domain to activate TK enzyme.
      • Examples: insulin receptors.

    • Intracellular receptors:

      • They are located inside the cell, either in the cytoplasm or directly on the DNA.
      • They regulate transcription of genes in the nucleus or the mitochondria.
      • Examples: receptors for corticosteroids, sex hormones, thyroxin, etc.

    Types of Drug-Receptor Bonds

    • Ionic bond:

      • Electric attraction between two opposing charges.
      • Strong but reversible.

    • Hydrogen bond:

      • Attraction between two hydrogen bonds.
      • Weak and reversible.

    • Covalent bond:

      • Very strong and irreversible.

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