Module 3 pp. Pharmacology and Physiology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What type of bilayer is the cell membrane?

  • Carbohydrate
  • Nucleic Acid
  • Protein
  • Lipid (correct)

    • Which of the following substances does the cell membrane typically have difficulty transporting?

  • Glucose (correct)
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Water
  • Oxygen

    • What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the cell membrane?

  • Simple Diffusion (correct)
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Active Transport

    • What is the function of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

    <p>Transporting sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrical signals are generated when ion channels transport charged ions across the cell membrane?

    <p>Action potentials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which ion channels are responsible for the influx of positive charge into the neuron?

    <p>Sodium (Na+) channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>It becomes more negative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

    <p>It pumps potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypocalcemia have on neuronal excitability?

    <p>It increases neuronal excitability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypokalemia on neuronal excitability?

    <p>It decreases neuronal excitability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the neurotransmitter reuptake pump at the synapse?

    <p>To transport neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic terminal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in neurotransmitter release?

    <p>They trigger the release of neurotransmitters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the post-synaptic density?

    <p>A region on the postsynaptic membrane where receptors and other proteins cluster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synaptic fatigue?

    <p>A decrease in the amount of neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic terminal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is post-tetanic potentiation?

    <p>An increase in synaptic strength after repetitive stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does alkalosis have on neuronal excitability?

    <p>It increases neuronal excitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypoxia have on neuronal excitability?

    <p>It decreases neuronal excitability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane lipid bilayer?

    <p>To regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cell Membrane

    The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

    Ion Channel

    Ion channels are proteins that allow specific ions to pass through the cell membrane, crucial for cellular communication.

    Sodium-Potassium Pump

    The sodium-potassium ATPase pump moves 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell, crucial for maintaining cell potential.

    Conduction of Electrical Signals

    Ion channels transport charged ions across membranes, creating changes that propagate electrical signals.

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    Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

    The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions, which act as a second messenger in muscle contraction.

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    Resting Membrane Potential

    The electrical charge across a neuronal membrane at rest, usually around -70 mV.

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    Action Potential Initiation

    Occurs when a stimulus changes membrane potential to -55 mV, opening Na+ channels.

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    Sodium Channel Inactivation

    Na+ channels close at +30 mV, stopping Na+ influx during action potential.

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    Potassium Channels Opening

    K+ channels open after Na+ inactivation, allowing K+ to flow out.

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    Hyperpolarization

    A state where the inside of the neuron becomes more negative than -70 mV after K+ channels close.

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    Na+/K+ ATPase Role

    Active transport that moves Na+ out and K+ into the neuron to maintain resting potential.

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    Hypocalcemia Effects

    Low calcium levels that prevent Na+ channels from closing, causing muscle depolarization.

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    Hypercalcemia Effects

    High calcium levels reduce Na+ permeability, lowering excitability of neurons and muscles.

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    Hypokalemia Effects

    Low potassium leads to more negative resting membrane potential, decreasing excitability.

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    Sodium Channel Blockade

    Prevents Na+ influx and action potential generation, affecting muscle contractility and heartbeat.

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    Synaptic Transmission

    Transfer of action potential from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic membrane across a synapse.

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    Post-Synaptic Response

    Action potential generation in post-synaptic neuron after neurotransmitter binds to receptors.

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    Synaptic Modulation

    Changes in synaptic function affecting how stimuli are processed and responded to.

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    Repetitive Stimulation Effects

    Repeated signals may lead to fatigue, reducing post-synaptic response and neurotransmitter stores.

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    Neuronal Responsiveness Changes

    Adjustments in neuron excitability due to factors like pH or oxygen levels.

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    Study Notes

    Pharmacology

    • Pharmacokinetics: Involves drug dose, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It’s about how the body affects the drug.
    • Pharmacodynamics: Focuses on drug action's effect at the target site, and how the drug affects the body.
    • Effect Site Concentration: The concentration of a drug at the site where it exerts its effect.
    • Plasma Concentration: The concentration of a drug in the blood plasma.

    Physiology Review

    • Cell Membrane: A phospholipid bilayer, mainly impermeable to water-soluble substances (like ions and glucose).
    • Diffusion: Mechanism for oxygen and carbon dioxide movement across cell membranes.
    • Sodium-Potassium ATPase (Pump): Moves 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
    • Ion Channels: Transport charged ions across cell membranes, enabling electrical signals (action potentials).
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes proteins, lipids, and metabolizes carbohydrates.
    • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Stores and releases calcium ions in muscle tissue.

    Action Potential

    • Depolarization: A change in membrane potential, making it less negative (e.g., from -70mV to +30mV).
    • Repolarization: Return of membrane potential to its resting state.
    • Resting Membrane Potential: The stable electrical potential across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest (typically around -70mV).
    • Threshold Potential: The membrane potential that must be reached for an action potential to be initiated (-55mV).
    • Refractory Period: The time after an action potential when the membrane cannot be stimulated by a weaker signal to produce another one.
    • Action Potential Speed: Varies depending on the type of cell (motor neuron, skeletal muscle, cardiac ventricle).
    • Action Potential Propagation: Spreads along the membrane.

    Neuronal Action Potential

    • Resting Membrane Potential: Slightly polarized at -70 mV (inside of the cell is slightly more negative than outside), caused by differences in ion concentration across the membrane.
    • Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) Channels: Crucial in generating and propagating the action potential.
    • Time Scales (Action Potential): Different time scales for different cell types
    • Stimulus: Initiates the action potential.
    • Threshold: -55mV: Triggers Na+ channels opening.
    • Depolarization: Influx of Na+ (makes the membrane potential more positive).
    • Repolarization: Efflux of K+ (membrane potential returns toward resting state).
    • Hyperpolarization: Temporary steeper negativity below resting potential.
    • Na+/K+ ATPase: Maintains ion gradients across the membrane.

    Action Potential Anomalies

    • Hypocalcemia: Prevents Na+ channels from closing during action potentials, leading to sustained depolarization. (Tetany is an example)
    • Hypercalcemia: Decreases cell membrane permeability to Na+, reducing excitability.
    • Hypokalemia: Increased negativity of resting membrane potential, less ability to reach threshold potential for action potential.
    • Hyperkalemia: Influx of K+ decreases membrane excitability.
    • Sodium Channel Blockade: Prevents reaching threshold for action potentials.

    Synapse

    • Synaptic Transmission: Transfer of signals between neurons across synaptic clefts.
    • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers released from pre-synaptic neuron to bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.
    • Synaptic Vesicles: Contain neurotransmitters, stored in the presynaptic terminal and released into the cleft during stimulation.
    • Postsynaptic Density: A protein-rich region on the postsynaptic membrane, important in maintaining synaptic homeostasis.
    • Synaptic Cleft: Fluid-filled gap separating the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons.

    Synaptic Responsiveness

    • Changes in pH and excitability: Alkalosis increases excitability; acidosis decreases excitability.
    • Changes in PaO2 and excitability: Hypoxia decreases excitability.

    Receptor Pharmacology

    • Neurotransmitter Receptors: Receptor types are crucial in influencing physiological responses.
    • Neurotransmitter Function: Crucial in influencing physiological responses.

    Cell Membrane Lipid Bilayer

    • Phospholipid Bilayer: The framework of cell membranes, composed of phospholipid molecules.
    • Polar Heads: Hydrophilic (water-attracting) portions of phospholipids and external regions of cell membrane.
    • Nonpolar Tails: Hydrophobic (water-repelling) portions of phospholipids.

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    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts in pharmacology and physiology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and critical cell membrane functions. Test your understanding of how drugs interact with the body and essential physiological mechanisms. Perfect for students in healthcare or related fields.

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