Anti-inflammatory drugs
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Questions and Answers

What is the main mechanism by which NSAIDs lower body temperature in patients with fever?

  • Impeding PGE2 synthesis and release (correct)
  • Increasing PGE2 synthesis
  • Enhancing lipoxin production
  • Decreasing leukotriene formation

    • What is the primary therapeutic effect of NSAIDs?

  • Lowering body temperature
  • Increasing pain perception
  • Reducing inflammation and pain (correct)
  • Promoting inflammatory response

    • What is the main difference between the effects of NSAIDs on febrile patients and those with normal body temperature?

  • NSAIDs have no effect on normal body temperature (correct)
  • NSAIDs decrease body temperature in normal patients
  • NSAIDs cause sweating only in normal patients
  • NSAIDs increase body temperature in normal patients

    • What is the key factor that leads to the analgesic activity of salicylates?

    <p>Lower doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions are NSAIDs commonly used for pain relief?

    <p>Osteoarthritis and gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lipoxygenases in the arachidonic acid pathway?

    <p>Forming leukotrienes and lipoxins depending on the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the physiologic production of prostanoids?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) constitutively expressed in the body?

    <p>Brain, kidney, and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway forms leukotrienes or lipoxins from arachidonic acid?

    <p>Lipoxygenase pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of prostaglandins in the body related to?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations is Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression increased?

    <p>At sites of disease and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do small amounts of prostaglandins injected mimic components of inflammation?

    <p>By mimicking processes involved in inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to take NSAIDs to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) upset?

    <p>Take with food or fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can NSAID-induced ulcers be prevented in patients at high risk of GI events?

    <p>Using proton pump inhibitors or misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aspirin have on platelet aggregation?

    <p>Reduces platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is aspirin often withheld prior to surgery?

    <p>To prevent prolongation of bleeding time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main renal effect of NSAIDs?

    <p>Antagonism of vasoconstrictors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommendation for patients taking aspirin for cardioprotection regarding concomitant NSAID use?

    <p>Avoid concomitant NSAID use if possible or take aspirin at least 30 minutes prior to NSAID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of aspirin for prophylactic use to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events?

    <p>75 to 162 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should aspirin be avoided in patients less than 19 years old with viral infections such as varicella or influenza?

    <p>To prevent Reye syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aspirin affect platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?

    <p>Reduces platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chronic use of aspirin in terms of platelet inhibition?

    <p>To allow for continued inhibition as new platelets are generated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effects do low doses of aspirin have on transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke?

    <p>Reduce the risk of TIAs and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using aspirin acutely in the context of an acute MI?

    <p>To reduce the risk of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of decreased synthesis of prostaglandins?

    <p>Retention of sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients are at a particularly high risk due to the effects of NSAIDs?

    <p>Patients with a history of heart failure or kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renal function can be affected by NSAIDs in susceptible patients?

    <p>Acute kidney injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary renal cortical action of vasodilatory prostaglandins PGE2 and PGI2?

    <p>Renal vasodilatation and maintenance of GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modulatory role do vasodilatory renal prostaglandins play under normal circumstances?

    <p>Relatively unimportant role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion is drawn regarding the role of renal prostaglandins?

    <p>They play an important vasoregulatory role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of inflammation in the body?

    <p>To destroy invading organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1 in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Monocytes and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inappropriate activation of the immune system contribute to inflammation-related diseases?

    <p>By initiating an inflammatory attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In rheumatoid arthritis, what do B lymphocytes primarily produce to maintain inflammation?

    <p>Autoantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune cells are involved in initiating an inflammatory attack in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>White blood cells (WBCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of white blood cell (WBC) activation leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Joint destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NSAIDs lower body temperature in patients with fever?

    <p>By impeding PGE2 synthesis and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of NSAIDs according to the text?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory and analgesic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what doses do salicylates exhibit anti-inflammatory activity?

    <p>High doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the combination of opioids and NSAIDs in pain management?

    <p>Decreased need for opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the side effect of NSAIDs on normal body temperature?

    <p>No effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lipoxygenases contribute to arachidonic acid metabolism?

    <p>Producing leukotrienes or lipoxins based on tissue type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is described as a housekeeping enzyme that regulates normal cellular processes?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which tissues is Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) constitutively expressed?

    <p>Brain, kidney, and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prostaglandins in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

    <p>Enhance acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme acts on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes or lipoxins depending on the tissue?

    <p>Lipoxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when small amounts of prostaglandins are injected intradermally, intravenously, or intra-arterially?

    <p>They mimic components of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the elevated production of prostanoids occur due to Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)?

    <p>In sites of disease and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their therapeutic actions?

    <p>By inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aspirin from other NSAIDs in terms of its mechanism of action?

    <p>It irreversibly acetylates and inactivates cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of aspirin as a traditional NSAID?

    <p>It primarily exhibits anti-inflammatory effects at low doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the mechanism of action of aspirin from other NSAIDs?

    <p>It irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic actions are associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Reducing inflammation, pain, and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between aspirin and other NSAIDs?

    <p>Other NSAIDs are irreversible inhibitors of cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind recommending the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors or misoprostol with NSAIDs in patients at high risk for GI events?

    <p>To prevent NSAID-induced ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of aspirin on platelet aggregation, according to the text?

    <p>It decreases platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which aspirin affects bleeding time?

    <p>Inhibiting platelet aggregation by blocking COX-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are NSAIDs other than aspirin not typically used for their antiplatelet effect?

    <p>They can prolong bleeding time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NSAIDs affect renal blood flow according to the text?

    <p>They enhance vasoconstriction in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of concomitant use of NSAIDs and aspirin in relation to cyclooxygenase binding?

    <p>It prevents aspirin from binding to cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of thromboxanes and prostacyclins from arachidonic acid?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prostaglandins in the context of rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Reduction of inflammation and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid compound is synthesized from the same precursor as prostaglandins?

    <p>HETEs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pharmacotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Reduce inflammation and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid derivative contains a cyclic ring structure in its chemical composition?

    <p>Thromboxanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1 in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of white blood cells (WBCs) in initiating an inflammatory attack in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Activating T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme acts on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes or lipoxins depending on the tissue?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of aspirin on platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?

    <p>Reduces both platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are B lymphocytes involved in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>To maintain inflammation by producing autoantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the elevated production of prostanoids in sites of disease and inflammation?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which tissues is Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) constitutively expressed?

    <p>Brain, kidney, and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological functions are controlled by prostaglandins and their metabolites in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

    <p>Acid secretion and mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when small amounts of prostaglandins are injected intradermally, intravenously, or intra-arterially?

    <p>They mimic components of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in normal cellular processes?

    <p>Regulating gastric cytoprotection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs lower body temperature in febrile patients?

    <p>Impeding PGE2 synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between leukotrienes and lipoxins produced by lipoxygenases from arachidonic acid?

    <p>Their tissue distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the analgesic activity of salicylates from their anti-inflammatory activity?

    <p>Timing of onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context are combinations of opioids and NSAIDs used for pain treatment?

    <p>Malignancy-related pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of NSAIDs in the context of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Providing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of salicylic acid on corns, calluses, and warts?

    <p>It is used topically to treat them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is available in topical formulations for the treatment of osteoarthritis in specific joints?

    <p>Diclofenac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are salicylates (except diflunisal) primarily eliminated from the body?

    <p>Via skin absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point do anti-inflammatory dosages of aspirin exhibit zero-order kinetics?

    <p>Above 4 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anti-inflammatory drug is approved for management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and pain related to ocular surgery?

    <p>Ketorolac</p> Signup and view all the answers

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