Pharmacology: ACE Inhibitors and ARBs
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Questions and Answers

What is the main mechanism of action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors?

  • Stimulating Angiotensin-II production
  • Inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (correct)
  • Inhibiting Angiotensin-II receptors
  • Activating the Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System

    • Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

  • Hypotension
  • Cough (correct)
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Tachycardia

    • What is the therapeutic use of Losartan?

  • Heart Failure
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetic Nephropathy
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of the following Beta Blockers is a non-selective Beta Blocker?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic use of Prazosin?

    <p>Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?

    <p>Inhibiting Angiotensin-II receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of Beta Blockers?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic use of Methyldopa?

    <p>Hypertension in pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a combined α1 & β Blocker?

    <p>Labetalol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main side effect of Alpha 1 Blockers?

    <p>Orthostatic Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to reduce blood pressure by increasing urine production?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

    <p>Blocking the action of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to block the action of angiotensin II?

    <p>Angiotensin-II Receptor Antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers in reducing blood pressure?

    <p>Decreasing the heart rate and cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sympatholytic agent?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of diuretics in reducing blood pressure?

    <p>Decreasing the fluid volume in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to inhibit the release of renin?

    <p>Direct renin inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a first-line antihypertensive medication?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Vascular tissue and cardiac cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcium channel blockers on arterial smooth muscle?

    <p>Relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of calcium channel blockers is most potent and has the most significant vascular selectivity?

    <p>Dihydropyridine derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of concurrent use of nifedipine with a beta blocker?

    <p>Increased risk of heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Tachycardia and palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of nifedipine on serum levels of digoxin?

    <p>Increased levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alcohol on the vasodilating action of nifedipine?

    <p>Potentiates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Bradycardia and heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adverse Effects of Inhibiting Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System

    • Intraocular pressure increase and acute glaucoma
    • Brain volume and intracranial pressure increase due to cerebral edema
    • Common adverse effects: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, electrolyte imbalances (hyponatremia and edema)

    ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors)

    • Mechanism of action: inhibit Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, leading to decreased vasoconstriction, vasodilation, decreased ADH secretion, decreased aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure
    • Examples of ACE Inhibitors:
      • Captopril
      • Enalapril
      • Fosinopril
      • Lisinopril
      • Ramipril
      • Quinapril
    • Adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors:
      • Cough (common)
      • Angioedema
      • Hypotension
      • Hypokalaemia
      • Renal impairment
      • Pancreatitis
      • Teratogen

    Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • Mechanism of action: directly inhibit Angiotensin-II receptors, leading to decreased vasoconstriction, vasodilation, decreased ADH secretion, decreased aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure
    • Examples of ARBs:
      • Candesartan
      • Irbesartan
      • Losartan
      • Telmisartan
      • Olmesartan
      • Valsartan
    • Adverse effects of ARBs:
      • Cough (very less frequent)
      • Angioedema (less frequent)
      • Hypotension
      • Hypokalaemia
      • Renal impairment
      • Pancreatitis
      • Teratogen

    Sympatholytic Agents

    • Beta Blockers:
      • Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, heart rate, and blood pressure
      • Examples: Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, Nebivolol, Acebutolol, Esmolol
      • Adverse effects: Bradycardia, AV block, bronchoconstriction, peripheral vasoconstriction, worsening of acute heart failure
    • Alpha 1 Blockers:
      • Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
      • Examples: Prazosin, Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin, Silodosin
      • Adverse effects: Orthostatic hypotension
    • Centrally Acting Sympatholytic Agents:
      • Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
      • Examples: Methyldopa, Clonidine, Reserpine
      • Adverse effects: Fatigue, depression, nasal congestion
    • Combined Alpha 1 & Beta Blockers:
      • Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
      • Examples: Carvedilol, Labetalol
      • Adverse effects: Dizziness, fatigue, hypotension, weight gain, hyperglycaemia, diarrhoea

    Classification of Hypertensive Drugs

    • Diuretics
    • Sympatholytic drugs
    • Angiotensin inhibitors and blockers
    • Vasodilators

    American Heart Association Criteria for Hypertension in Adults

    • Not specified in the provided text

    Anti-Hypertensive Drugs

    • 5 main groups (first-line) antihypertensive medications:
      1. Diuretics
      2. ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs)
      3. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
      4. Beta-blockers
      5. Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the mechanism of action, adverse effects, and uses of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, including their impact on blood pressure and electrolyte balances.

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