26 Questions
What is the main mechanism of action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors?
Inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
Cough
What is the therapeutic use of Losartan?
All of the above
Which of the following Beta Blockers is a non-selective Beta Blocker?
Propranolol
What is the main therapeutic use of Prazosin?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
What is the mechanism of action of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
Inhibiting Angiotensin-II receptors
Which of the following is a side effect of Beta Blockers?
Bradycardia
What is the main therapeutic use of Methyldopa?
Hypertension in pregnancy
Which of the following is a combined α1 & β Blocker?
Labetalol
What is the main side effect of Alpha 1 Blockers?
Orthostatic Hypotension
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to reduce blood pressure by increasing urine production?
Diuretics
What is the primary mechanism of action of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Blocking the action of angiotensin II
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to block the action of angiotensin II?
Angiotensin-II Receptor Antagonists
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers in reducing blood pressure?
Decreasing the heart rate and cardiac output
Which of the following is a sympatholytic agent?
All of the above
What is the primary mechanism of action of diuretics in reducing blood pressure?
Decreasing the fluid volume in the bloodstream
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to inhibit the release of renin?
Direct renin inhibitors
Which of the following is a first-line antihypertensive medication?
Diuretics
What is the main target of calcium channel blockers?
Vascular tissue and cardiac cells
What is the effect of calcium channel blockers on arterial smooth muscle?
Relaxation
Which type of calcium channel blockers is most potent and has the most significant vascular selectivity?
Dihydropyridine derivatives
What is the effect of concurrent use of nifedipine with a beta blocker?
Increased risk of heart failure
What is a common side effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Tachycardia and palpitations
What is the effect of nifedipine on serum levels of digoxin?
Increased levels
What is the effect of alcohol on the vasodilating action of nifedipine?
Potentiates
What is a common side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Bradycardia and heart block
Study Notes
Adverse Effects of Inhibiting Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
- Intraocular pressure increase and acute glaucoma
- Brain volume and intracranial pressure increase due to cerebral edema
- Common adverse effects: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, electrolyte imbalances (hyponatremia and edema)
ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors)
- Mechanism of action: inhibit Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, leading to decreased vasoconstriction, vasodilation, decreased ADH secretion, decreased aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure
- Examples of ACE Inhibitors:
- Captopril
- Enalapril
- Fosinopril
- Lisinopril
- Ramipril
- Quinapril
- Adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors:
- Cough (common)
- Angioedema
- Hypotension
- Hypokalaemia
- Renal impairment
- Pancreatitis
- Teratogen
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
- Mechanism of action: directly inhibit Angiotensin-II receptors, leading to decreased vasoconstriction, vasodilation, decreased ADH secretion, decreased aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure
- Examples of ARBs:
- Candesartan
- Irbesartan
- Losartan
- Telmisartan
- Olmesartan
- Valsartan
- Adverse effects of ARBs:
- Cough (very less frequent)
- Angioedema (less frequent)
- Hypotension
- Hypokalaemia
- Renal impairment
- Pancreatitis
- Teratogen
Sympatholytic Agents
- Beta Blockers:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, heart rate, and blood pressure
- Examples: Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, Nebivolol, Acebutolol, Esmolol
- Adverse effects: Bradycardia, AV block, bronchoconstriction, peripheral vasoconstriction, worsening of acute heart failure
- Alpha 1 Blockers:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
- Examples: Prazosin, Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin, Silodosin
- Adverse effects: Orthostatic hypotension
- Centrally Acting Sympatholytic Agents:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
- Examples: Methyldopa, Clonidine, Reserpine
- Adverse effects: Fatigue, depression, nasal congestion
- Combined Alpha 1 & Beta Blockers:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
- Examples: Carvedilol, Labetalol
- Adverse effects: Dizziness, fatigue, hypotension, weight gain, hyperglycaemia, diarrhoea
Classification of Hypertensive Drugs
- Diuretics
- Sympatholytic drugs
- Angiotensin inhibitors and blockers
- Vasodilators
American Heart Association Criteria for Hypertension in Adults
- Not specified in the provided text
Anti-Hypertensive Drugs
- 5 main groups (first-line) antihypertensive medications:
- Diuretics
- ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs)
- Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs)
This quiz covers the mechanism of action, adverse effects, and uses of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, including their impact on blood pressure and electrolyte balances.
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