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Questions and Answers
What is the main mechanism of action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors?
What is the main mechanism of action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors?
- Stimulating Angiotensin-II production
- Inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (correct)
- Inhibiting Angiotensin-II receptors
- Activating the Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
- Hypotension
- Cough (correct)
- Hyperkalemia
- Tachycardia
What is the therapeutic use of Losartan?
What is the therapeutic use of Losartan?
- Heart Failure
- Hypertension
- Diabetic Nephropathy
- All of the above (correct)
Which of the following Beta Blockers is a non-selective Beta Blocker?
Which of the following Beta Blockers is a non-selective Beta Blocker?
What is the main therapeutic use of Prazosin?
What is the main therapeutic use of Prazosin?
What is the mechanism of action of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
What is the mechanism of action of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
Which of the following is a side effect of Beta Blockers?
Which of the following is a side effect of Beta Blockers?
What is the main therapeutic use of Methyldopa?
What is the main therapeutic use of Methyldopa?
Which of the following is a combined α1 & β Blocker?
Which of the following is a combined α1 & β Blocker?
What is the main side effect of Alpha 1 Blockers?
What is the main side effect of Alpha 1 Blockers?
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to reduce blood pressure by increasing urine production?
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to reduce blood pressure by increasing urine production?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to block the action of angiotensin II?
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to block the action of angiotensin II?
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers in reducing blood pressure?
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers in reducing blood pressure?
Which of the following is a sympatholytic agent?
Which of the following is a sympatholytic agent?
What is the primary mechanism of action of diuretics in reducing blood pressure?
What is the primary mechanism of action of diuretics in reducing blood pressure?
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to inhibit the release of renin?
Which of the following classes of antihypertensive medications is known to inhibit the release of renin?
Which of the following is a first-line antihypertensive medication?
Which of the following is a first-line antihypertensive medication?
What is the main target of calcium channel blockers?
What is the main target of calcium channel blockers?
What is the effect of calcium channel blockers on arterial smooth muscle?
What is the effect of calcium channel blockers on arterial smooth muscle?
Which type of calcium channel blockers is most potent and has the most significant vascular selectivity?
Which type of calcium channel blockers is most potent and has the most significant vascular selectivity?
What is the effect of concurrent use of nifedipine with a beta blocker?
What is the effect of concurrent use of nifedipine with a beta blocker?
What is a common side effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What is a common side effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What is the effect of nifedipine on serum levels of digoxin?
What is the effect of nifedipine on serum levels of digoxin?
What is the effect of alcohol on the vasodilating action of nifedipine?
What is the effect of alcohol on the vasodilating action of nifedipine?
What is a common side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What is a common side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
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Study Notes
Adverse Effects of Inhibiting Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
- Intraocular pressure increase and acute glaucoma
- Brain volume and intracranial pressure increase due to cerebral edema
- Common adverse effects: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, electrolyte imbalances (hyponatremia and edema)
ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors)
- Mechanism of action: inhibit Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, leading to decreased vasoconstriction, vasodilation, decreased ADH secretion, decreased aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure
- Examples of ACE Inhibitors:
- Captopril
- Enalapril
- Fosinopril
- Lisinopril
- Ramipril
- Quinapril
- Adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors:
- Cough (common)
- Angioedema
- Hypotension
- Hypokalaemia
- Renal impairment
- Pancreatitis
- Teratogen
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
- Mechanism of action: directly inhibit Angiotensin-II receptors, leading to decreased vasoconstriction, vasodilation, decreased ADH secretion, decreased aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure
- Examples of ARBs:
- Candesartan
- Irbesartan
- Losartan
- Telmisartan
- Olmesartan
- Valsartan
- Adverse effects of ARBs:
- Cough (very less frequent)
- Angioedema (less frequent)
- Hypotension
- Hypokalaemia
- Renal impairment
- Pancreatitis
- Teratogen
Sympatholytic Agents
- Beta Blockers:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, heart rate, and blood pressure
- Examples: Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, Nebivolol, Acebutolol, Esmolol
- Adverse effects: Bradycardia, AV block, bronchoconstriction, peripheral vasoconstriction, worsening of acute heart failure
- Alpha 1 Blockers:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
- Examples: Prazosin, Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin, Silodosin
- Adverse effects: Orthostatic hypotension
- Centrally Acting Sympatholytic Agents:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
- Examples: Methyldopa, Clonidine, Reserpine
- Adverse effects: Fatigue, depression, nasal congestion
- Combined Alpha 1 & Beta Blockers:
- Mechanism of action: decrease sympathetic activity, vasodilation, and blood pressure
- Examples: Carvedilol, Labetalol
- Adverse effects: Dizziness, fatigue, hypotension, weight gain, hyperglycaemia, diarrhoea
Classification of Hypertensive Drugs
- Diuretics
- Sympatholytic drugs
- Angiotensin inhibitors and blockers
- Vasodilators
American Heart Association Criteria for Hypertension in Adults
- Not specified in the provided text
Anti-Hypertensive Drugs
- 5 main groups (first-line) antihypertensive medications:
- Diuretics
- ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs)
- Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs)
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