Pharmacology 4: General Anesthetics

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What is the main characteristic of general anesthesia?

Loss of consciousness, analgesia, amnesia, and skeletal muscle relaxation (correct)

Inhibition of autonomic and sensory reflexes only

Sedation and amnesia

Analgesia only

Why are multiple drugs combined in balanced anesthesia?

To increase the dose of anesthesia required

To prolong the duration of anesthesia

To take advantage of individual drug properties and reduce adverse actions (correct)

To reduce the cost of anesthesia

What is the main purpose of anxiolytics in preanesthetic medications?

To prevent aspiration pneumonia

To relieve pain

To lower the required dose of anesthetic

To provide sedation and amnesia (correct)

What is the main purpose of anti-cholinergics in preanesthetic medications?

To reduce bronchial and salivary secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vasopressors in preanesthetic medications?

To prevent bradycardia and hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of opioid analgesics in preanesthetic medications?

To provide analgesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering morphine, fentanyl, or alfentanil 1½ hours before anesthesia?

To facilitate low potency anesthetics such as nitrous oxide Signup and view all the answers

How do anesthetic agents affect GABA-A-receptor chloride channels?

They increase CL- conductance and hyperpolarize Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anesthetics is known to inhibit excitatory glutamate-gated ion channels?

Nitrous oxide Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of alfentanil compared to fentanyl?

Faster recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of thiopental?

Porphyria Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of etomidate compared to thiopental?

Larger margin between anesthetic and respiratory depressant doses Signup and view all the answers

Which induction agent is preferable in cases of risk of circulatory failure?

Propofol Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Ketamine anaesthesia?

Cardiovascular stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is known to cause unpleasant dreams and diplopia as a side effect?

Ketamine Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using Propofol for induction?

Rapid and pleasant induction Signup and view all the answers

Which benzodiazepine is most commonly employed as an anaesthetic adjunct?

Midazolam Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of Ketamine?

Stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using an i.v. analgesic agent in anesthesia?

To provide supplementary analgesia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inhalation anesthetics is known to have a potent uterine relaxant effect?

Methoxyflurane Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of using Enflurane?

Nephrotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for Methoxyflurane?

Epilepsy Signup and view all the answers

Which inhalation anesthetic is safe for use in children and asthmatics?

Methoxyflurane Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of using Methoxyflurane?

Nephrotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of isoflurane?

Pungent and respiratory irritant Signup and view all the answers

What type of local anesthetics does cocaine belong to?

Esters Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding vasoconstrictors to local anesthetics?

To increase the duration of action Signup and view all the answers

Why should vasoconstrictors not be added to local anesthetics for hands and feet?

To avoid tissue damage and gangrene Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding sodium bicarbonate to local anesthetics?

To increase the lipid solubility of the anesthetic Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of surface anesthesia?

To treat itching caused by insect bites or irritant conditions Signup and view all the answers