70 Questions
Glutamate is the most common ______ neurotransmitter
excitatory
GABA is the most widely distributed ______ neurotransmitter
inhibitory
Acetylcholine is used at the ______ junction
neuromuscular
Dopamine is found in the mesostriatal and ______ pathways
mesolimbocortical
Norepinephrine is also known as ______
noradrenaline
Serotonin is also known as ______
5-HT
Neuropeptides are chains of typically ______ amino acids or more
10
Opioid peptides are ______ by opiate drugs
mimicked
The study of how drugs affect the brain is called ______
neuropharmacology
A substance that binds to a receptor is called a ______
ligand
Agonists have high ______
efficacy
Partial agonists produce a ______ response regardless of dose
medium
Combination of ______ and efficacy determines the overall action of a drug
affinity
Measuring efficacy and affinity: Dose-response curve (DRC) - graph of the relationship between drug doses and effects. Pharmacodynamics - the functional relationship between drugs and their targets. Comparing DRCs A) Effective Dose 50% (ED50) – dose that shows ______ of its maximal effect
half
B) A is more ______ than B (lower ED50)
potent
C) A has higher maximal response than B. B is a ______ agonist
partial
D) ______
Nonmonotonic DRC – as dose increases, drug starts to have effect elsewhere in system
Bioavailability: Amount of drug in body that is free to ______
act
Bioavailability varies with route of administration PO – ______ SC – subcutaneous IM – intramuscular IV - intravenous
peroral
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)—tight junctions around blood vessels in the CNS protects the brain from ______ in blood
toxins/pathogens
Neurotransmitters are stored in ______
axon terminals
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in ______
neurons
Neurotransmitters are released when APs reach ______
axon terminals
Neurotransmitters are recognized by receptors on the ______ membrane
postsynaptic
Neurotransmitters evoke changes in a ______ cell
postsynaptic
Receptor subtypes can differ in ______ distribution
anatomical
Receptor subtypes can work with different ______
ions
Receptor subtypes can respond to multiple ______
neurotransmitters
Receptor subtypes can interact within/across neuron populations to alter signaling in ______ ways
complex
Neurotransmitter (NT) is a(n) ______ chemical specialized for transmitting information between neurons
endogenous
Neurotransmitters are stored in ________ terminals
axon
Metabotropic receptors are also known as ________
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Ionotropic receptors are ________-gated ion channels
ligand
Opioid receptor mRNA has ________ distribution in the human brain
diverse
Receptor subtypes can differ in ________ distribution
anatomical
Neurotransmitters are released when ________ reach axon terminals
APs
Neurotransmitters are recognized by receptors on the ________ membrane
postsynaptic
Neurotransmitters evoke changes in a ________ cell
postsynaptic
A given neurotransmitter system can act on many receptor ________
subtypes
Major GABAA receptor ________ have been identified
subtypes
What is the purpose of measuring efficacy and affinity?
To determine the overall action of a drug.
What is the definition of bioavailability?
The amount of drug in the body that is free to act.
What does the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from?
Toxins/pathogens in the blood.
What are nanoparticles used for in relation to the BBB?
To get drugs past the BBB.
What is the nickname for nanoparticles?
Trojan horses.
What is tolerance?
Reduced effectiveness of a drug after repeated treatments.
What are the two forms of tolerance?
Metabolic tolerance and functional tolerance.
What happens in metabolic tolerance?
Organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug.
What happens in functional tolerance?
The tissue targeted by the drug alters its sensitivity by changing the number of receptors present in the postsynaptic membrane.
What is cross-tolerance?
Tolerance to one drug is generalized to other drugs in its class.
What are the major families of neurotransmitters?
Amino acids, amines, neuropeptides, gases
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
What is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
What are the major receptor families for acetylcholine?
Nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) and Muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR)
What are the two major pathways where dopamine is found?
Mesostriatal pathway and Mesolimbocortical pathway
What are the major receptor families for norepinephrine?
Alpha (α) receptors and Beta (β) receptors
What are the origins of serotonin?
Raphe nuclei
What is the term for substances that bind to receptors?
Ligands
What is the term for drugs that bind to a receptor and do not activate it?
Antagonists
What is the term for the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor?
Efficacy
What are the two types of receptors involved in neurotransmission?
Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
What are the main characteristics of ionotropic receptors?
They are ligand-gated ion channels and produce fast-acting changes in membrane potential (Vm)
What are the main characteristics of metabotropic receptors?
They activate intracellular signaling cascades, producing slow but powerful and diverse effects
How do metabotropic receptors indirectly affect ion channels?
They can indirectly open ion channels, change ion channel conductivity, and add/remove receptors
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are specialized chemicals that transmit information between neurons
What are the criteria for a substance to be considered a neurotransmitter?
The substance must be stored in axon terminals, synthesized in neurons, released when action potentials reach axon terminals, and recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
How can a given neurotransmitter system act on multiple receptor subtypes?
Receptor subtypes of a neurotransmitter system can differ in anatomical distribution, work with different ions, and respond to multiple neurotransmitters
What is the significance of receptor subtypes interacting within/across neuron populations?
Receptor subtypes can alter signaling in complex ways and have the potential for sub-subtypes and sub-sub-subtypes
What is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
What is the function of opioid receptor mRNA in the human brain?
Opioid receptor mRNA has a diverse distribution in the human brain
Test your knowledge of drug efficacy, affinity, and the dose-response curve in this quiz. Learn about agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists, and how the combination of affinity and efficacy determines a drug's overall action. Explore the concept of pharmacodynamics and understand the functional relationship between drugs and their targets.
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