Pharmacodynamics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Glutamate is the most common ______ neurotransmitter

excitatory

GABA is the most widely distributed ______ neurotransmitter

inhibitory

Acetylcholine is used at the ______ junction

neuromuscular

Dopamine is found in the mesostriatal and ______ pathways

<p>mesolimbocortical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Norepinephrine is also known as ______

<p>noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serotonin is also known as ______

<p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neuropeptides are chains of typically ______ amino acids or more

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioid peptides are ______ by opiate drugs

<p>mimicked</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of how drugs affect the brain is called ______

<p>neuropharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance that binds to a receptor is called a ______

<p>ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agonists have high ______

<p>efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Partial agonists produce a ______ response regardless of dose

<p>medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combination of ______ and efficacy determines the overall action of a drug

<p>affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Measuring efficacy and affinity: Dose-response curve (DRC) - graph of the relationship between drug doses and effects. Pharmacodynamics - the functional relationship between drugs and their targets. Comparing DRCs A) Effective Dose 50% (ED50) – dose that shows ______ of its maximal effect

<p>half</p> Signup and view all the answers

B) A is more ______ than B (lower ED50)

<p>potent</p> Signup and view all the answers

C) A has higher maximal response than B. B is a ______ agonist

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

D) ______

<p>Nonmonotonic DRC – as dose increases, drug starts to have effect elsewhere in system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bioavailability: Amount of drug in body that is free to ______

<p>act</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bioavailability varies with route of administration PO – ______ SC – subcutaneous IM – intramuscular IV - intravenous

<p>peroral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)—tight junctions around blood vessels in the CNS protects the brain from ______ in blood

<p>toxins/pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are stored in ______

<p>axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in ______

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are released when APs reach ______

<p>axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are recognized by receptors on the ______ membrane

<p>postsynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters evoke changes in a ______ cell

<p>postsynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptor subtypes can differ in ______ distribution

<p>anatomical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptor subtypes can work with different ______

<p>ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptor subtypes can respond to multiple ______

<p>neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptor subtypes can interact within/across neuron populations to alter signaling in ______ ways

<p>complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitter (NT) is a(n) ______ chemical specialized for transmitting information between neurons

<p>endogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are stored in ________ terminals

<p>axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabotropic receptors are also known as ________

<p>G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ionotropic receptors are ________-gated ion channels

<p>ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioid receptor mRNA has ________ distribution in the human brain

<p>diverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptor subtypes can differ in ________ distribution

<p>anatomical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are released when ________ reach axon terminals

<p>APs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are recognized by receptors on the ________ membrane

<p>postsynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters evoke changes in a ________ cell

<p>postsynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

A given neurotransmitter system can act on many receptor ________

<p>subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major GABAA receptor ________ have been identified

<p>subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring efficacy and affinity?

<p>To determine the overall action of a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of bioavailability?

<p>The amount of drug in the body that is free to act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from?

<p>Toxins/pathogens in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nanoparticles used for in relation to the BBB?

<p>To get drugs past the BBB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nickname for nanoparticles?

<p>Trojan horses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tolerance?

<p>Reduced effectiveness of a drug after repeated treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of tolerance?

<p>Metabolic tolerance and functional tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in metabolic tolerance?

<p>Organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in functional tolerance?

<p>The tissue targeted by the drug alters its sensitivity by changing the number of receptors present in the postsynaptic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cross-tolerance?

<p>Tolerance to one drug is generalized to other drugs in its class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major families of neurotransmitters?

<p>Amino acids, amines, neuropeptides, gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter?

<p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major receptor families for acetylcholine?

<p>Nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) and Muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major pathways where dopamine is found?

<p>Mesostriatal pathway and Mesolimbocortical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major receptor families for norepinephrine?

<p>Alpha (α) receptors and Beta (β) receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the origins of serotonin?

<p>Raphe nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for substances that bind to receptors?

<p>Ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs that bind to a receptor and do not activate it?

<p>Antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor?

<p>Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of receptors involved in neurotransmission?

<p>Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main characteristics of ionotropic receptors?

<p>They are ligand-gated ion channels and produce fast-acting changes in membrane potential (Vm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main characteristics of metabotropic receptors?

<p>They activate intracellular signaling cascades, producing slow but powerful and diverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do metabotropic receptors indirectly affect ion channels?

<p>They can indirectly open ion channels, change ion channel conductivity, and add/remove receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

<p>Neurotransmitters are specialized chemicals that transmit information between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria for a substance to be considered a neurotransmitter?

<p>The substance must be stored in axon terminals, synthesized in neurons, released when action potentials reach axon terminals, and recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a given neurotransmitter system act on multiple receptor subtypes?

<p>Receptor subtypes of a neurotransmitter system can differ in anatomical distribution, work with different ions, and respond to multiple neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of receptor subtypes interacting within/across neuron populations?

<p>Receptor subtypes can alter signaling in complex ways and have the potential for sub-subtypes and sub-sub-subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter?

<p>GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of opioid receptor mRNA in the human brain?

<p>Opioid receptor mRNA has a diverse distribution in the human brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

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