Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is an advantage of using unit dose powders over liquid dosage forms?
What is an advantage of using unit dose powders over liquid dosage forms?
- More difficult to mask flavors
- Accurate dosing (correct)
- Easier to swallow
- Less stable than liquid forms
Which material is commonly used to make hard capsules?
Which material is commonly used to make hard capsules?
- Silicon
- Cellulose
- Gelatin (correct)
- Polyethylene
What are the disintegrators in tablet formulations used for?
What are the disintegrators in tablet formulations used for?
- To improve the taste of the tablet
- To bind ingredients together
- To ensure the tablet breaks down after ingestion (correct)
- To enhance the solubility of active ingredients
What is a disadvantage of using single dose oral powders?
What is a disadvantage of using single dose oral powders?
What is a common use of paper sachets for powdered medications?
What is a common use of paper sachets for powdered medications?
Which of the following is considered a filler in tablet formulation?
Which of the following is considered a filler in tablet formulation?
Which of these substances is unsuitable for paper sachets?
Which of these substances is unsuitable for paper sachets?
What role do lubricants play in tablet manufacturing?
What role do lubricants play in tablet manufacturing?
What is a key advantage of using bulk oral powders over liquid dosage forms?
What is a key advantage of using bulk oral powders over liquid dosage forms?
Which type of powder formulation is useful for non-potent or bulky drugs?
Which type of powder formulation is useful for non-potent or bulky drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of bulk oral powders?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of bulk oral powders?
Why are bulk oral powders considered less preferable for potent drugs with low doses?
Why are bulk oral powders considered less preferable for potent drugs with low doses?
Which type of powder is used for administration to the ear, nose, and throat?
Which type of powder is used for administration to the ear, nose, and throat?
What is a significant disadvantage when using bulk oral powders?
What is a significant disadvantage when using bulk oral powders?
In what form are bulk oral powders typically sold for administration?
In what form are bulk oral powders typically sold for administration?
Which of the following powdered forms is NOT conventionally restricted for internal use?
Which of the following powdered forms is NOT conventionally restricted for internal use?
What is a primary use of bulk external powders?
What is a primary use of bulk external powders?
Which of the following inhalers is specifically used for asthma treatment?
Which of the following inhalers is specifically used for asthma treatment?
What is a common characteristic of dry powder dosage forms compared to liquid forms?
What is a common characteristic of dry powder dosage forms compared to liquid forms?
What is induced when a hygroscopic powder is exposed to high humidity?
What is induced when a hygroscopic powder is exposed to high humidity?
What happens when powders of hydrated salts undergo efflorescence?
What happens when powders of hydrated salts undergo efflorescence?
What is the purpose of using inert diluents in dusting powders?
What is the purpose of using inert diluents in dusting powders?
What is a likely consequence of improper storage of powder for injection?
What is a likely consequence of improper storage of powder for injection?
What indicates that a powder has caked?
What indicates that a powder has caked?
What is the purpose of trituration when mixing powders?
What is the purpose of trituration when mixing powders?
Which option best describes the packaging for bulk oral powders?
Which option best describes the packaging for bulk oral powders?
Why is it crucial to sieve powders before weighing them?
Why is it crucial to sieve powders before weighing them?
What is the minimum amount that should be weighed using the balance in the lab?
What is the minimum amount that should be weighed using the balance in the lab?
What should be done if the particle size of powders appears grossly different?
What should be done if the particle size of powders appears grossly different?
Which of the following describes the geometric mixing method?
Which of the following describes the geometric mixing method?
What is the first step in the general method of mixing powders?
What is the first step in the general method of mixing powders?
What is a common size for wrapping powders?
What is a common size for wrapping powders?
Flashcards
Oral Powder (Bulk)
Oral Powder (Bulk)
A dosage form of drug in a finely divided state, typically for internal use. Patients mix a spoonful of powder with liquid.
Powders (Dosage Form)
Powders (Dosage Form)
A solid medicine in a finely divided state; often combined with other substances (excipients).
Bulk Oral Powder Benefits
Bulk Oral Powder Benefits
Convenient for dispensing large doses, relatively stable, faster absorption than capsules/tablets, and flexible.
Bulk Oral Powder Drawbacks
Bulk Oral Powder Drawbacks
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Powders: Uses
Powders: Uses
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Divided Powders
Divided Powders
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Excipients in Powders
Excipients in Powders
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Storage of Powders
Storage of Powders
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Single-Dose Oral Powders
Single-Dose Oral Powders
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Wrapped Powders
Wrapped Powders
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Foil Sachets
Foil Sachets
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Capsules (Hard)
Capsules (Hard)
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Tablets
Tablets
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Excipients in Tablets
Excipients in Tablets
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Tablet Manufacturing
Tablet Manufacturing
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Unit Dose Advantages
Unit Dose Advantages
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Dusting Powder
Dusting Powder
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What are dusting powders often mixed with?
What are dusting powders often mixed with?
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Powder Inhalers
Powder Inhalers
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Antibiotic Syrup
Antibiotic Syrup
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Powder for Injection
Powder for Injection
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Hygroscopic Powder
Hygroscopic Powder
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Deliquescent Powder
Deliquescent Powder
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Eutectic Powder
Eutectic Powder
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What is the aim of mixing powders?
What is the aim of mixing powders?
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What is the issue with powders having different particle sizes?
What is the issue with powders having different particle sizes?
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Why do we sieve powders before weighing?
Why do we sieve powders before weighing?
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What is geometric mixing?
What is geometric mixing?
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What are some common problems with powders?
What are some common problems with powders?
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What is the accuracy limit of a balance?
What is the accuracy limit of a balance?
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Why is trituration a key step in powder mixing?
Why is trituration a key step in powder mixing?
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What are the 'golden rules' of mixing powders?
What are the 'golden rules' of mixing powders?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: PHARMACEUTICS 1: PHYSIOCHEMICAL SCIENCE AND MEDICINES DESIGN
- Course code: PHAR1027
- Lecturer: TUNG WH
- Topic: POWDERS
Lecture Overview
- What is...
- Stability and storage
- Small-scale manufacture practicals
Powders
- Definition: A solid material in a finely divided state.
- Dosage form: Mixtures of powdered drugs (with or without excipients) to create final products.
- Traditionally restricted to internal use (oral powder).
- Alternative titles exist (e.g., dusting powder) for external use.
Categories of Powders
- Bulk oral powders (undivided):
- Convenient for large doses.
- Patient takes spoonful of powder mixed with water or milk.
- Packaged in wide-mouth containers with measuring spoons.
- Suitable for non-potent/non-toxic bulky drugs.
- Rare drawbacks: Inconvenience to carry; inaccuracies in measuring dose.
- Example preparations: Indigestion remedies/bulk laxatives (e.g., Methylcellulose granules, Compound Mg trisilicate oral powder, dietary food supplements).
Advantages of Bulk Oral Powders
- Potentially more stable than liquid equivalents.
- Suitable for dispensing drugs with large doses.
- Relatively easier administration than tablets.
- Faster dispersion and absorption than capsules or tablets.
- Flexible dosage form (easy preparation).
Disadvantages of Bulk Oral Powders
- Bulky and inconvenient to carry.
- Difficulty masking unpleasant taste (sprinkling on food).
- Less accurate dosing.
- Not suitable for administering potent drugs with low doses.
- Not suitable for drugs sensitive to stomach acidity.
- Not suitable for volatile, deliquescent, hygroscopic or oxygen-sensitive substances.
Single Dose Oral Powders (Divided Powders)
- A convenient way to administer an accurate single dose of a drug.
- Formulation: Bulk powders.
- Wrapped Powders:
- Ideal for substances requiring controlled dosages (small amounts of drug).
- Powder wrapped in paper or foil sachets.
- Foil sachets provide better protection.
- Paper Sachets:
- Easier to make on a small scale.
- Convenient dosage form, especially for children.
- Useful for drugs not commercially available for babies, infants, and elderly.
- Mixing with liquid (usually water) before swallowing (not suitable for hygroscopic, volatile, and deliquescent).
- Examples: Antacids, dietary products, effervescent powders, hot/cold drink remedies.
Single Dose Oral Powders / Divided Powders (Hard Capsules)
- Single doses of powder enclosed in a two-part shell.
- Available in various sizes.
- Commonly made from gelatin (animal-derived).
- Halagel available (halal gelatin).
- Convenient, easy-to-swallow, and cost-effective on a large scale.
Tablets
- Single doses of powder compressed by a machine.
- Made on a large scale (Year 2 practical).
- Excipients (diluents, fillers, binders, adhesives, disintegrators, disintegrating agents, antiadherents, glidants, lubricants) ensure ease of handling, flow properties, and breakdown after ingestion.
Bulk External Powders
- Dusting powders (applied to skin) used for therapeutic, prophylactic, lubricant purposes (skin diseases, surgical glove lubrication, sterile dusting powder for open wounds).
- Should be free from pathogenic organisms.
- May contain one or more medicaments mixed with an inert diluent (e.g. purified talc, starch, kaolin) for diluted active doses.
- Suitable for use at low concentrations as diluents.
- Flow properties are important factors for external powders.
- Examples: Hexachlorophene, talc.
Drug Powder Inhalers
- Most effective method for delivering drugs to the respiratory tract.
- For treatments of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).
- Commercial preparations and dry powder devices used (e.g., Turbohaler ®, Diskhaler ®, Becotide ®).
Antibiotic Syrups
- Many drugs are unstable in solutions or suspensions and instability issues are overcome through preparation of powder or granules in suitable containers for storage/shelf life exceeding 2 years.
- Add water (Hâ‚‚O) to powder/granules immediately prior to supply/use.
- Shelf life reduced to 2 weeks.
Powders for Injection
- Some medications are unstable in solution.
- Prepared as sterile powders and packed in ampoules or vials.
- Sterile water for injections (Water for Injections BP) is added prior to use to create the required drug concentration.
Stability and Storage
- Dry powder dosage forms are more stable than liquid dosage forms but potentially affected by ingredients' susceptibility to moisture.
- Hygroscopic powders absorb moisture and form wet masses.
- Deliquescent powders absorb moisture, dissolve in it.
- Efflorescent powders lose water of hydration when humidity decreases.
- Eutectic mixtures' melting/liquefying points are lower than the components' individual melting points (e.g., Menthol + Camphor).
Other Important Factors
- Discoloration, caking (moisture absorption and sticking), heat degradation of powders.
- Storage: Store tightly closed in a cool dry place.
- Packaging:
- Bulk oral powders: Glass, plastic, metal (wide mouth container, powder measure).
- Divided powders: Sachets (large-scale manufacturing), papers (individually folded).
- Topical powders: Suitable sized containers.
Mixing Powders: General Method
- Aim: Even dispersion of all ingredients in the powder mixture.
- Problems: Different particle sizes leading to separation, inconsistent ingredient amounts, accuracy limits of balances.
- Method:
- Identify the powder with the smallest volume and add to the mortar.
- Add the other ingredients in similar volumes.
- Mix gently and thoroughly until uniform mixture is obtained.
- Use a spatula to loosen powder sticking to the mortar edges.
- Repeat till all powders combined.
- Importance of sieving: Sieving before weighing and mixing prevents loss of powder on the sieve/workbench, and ensures consistency in dosage.
Golden Rules of Mixing Powders
- Never weigh amounts below the accuracy limit of the balance (e.g., 100mg in this lab).
- Equalize particle sizes by grinding and sieving if necessary.
- Use geometric mixing but avoid ratios greater than 1 in 10.
Wrapping Powders
- Several ways of wrapping powders.
- Suitable size: 120mm x 100mm.
- Carry out wrapping on a clean tile or sheet of wrapping paper, protecting the product.
Further Reading
- Recommended resources for deeper study.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the types and applications of powders in pharmaceutics. This quiz covers the definitions, stability, and practical manufacturing of powder dosage forms. Perfect for students in PHAR1027 seeking to enhance their understanding of powdered medicines.