Pharmaceutical Sciences Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which route of administration typically uses suppositories as a dosage form?

  • Rectal (correct)
  • Nasal
  • Oral
  • Topical

    • What term describes the rate and extent to which a substance is absorbed from a pharmaceutical form?

  • Bioequivalence
  • Metabolism
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Bioavailability (correct)

    • Which factor does NOT influence drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract?

  • Type of dosage form
  • pH of the environment
  • Solubility of the drug
  • Physical appearance of the patient (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of increasing the effective surface area of medication in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>To enhance dissolution and absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dosage form is typically administered via inhalation for lung delivery?

    <p>Aerosols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dosage form is primarily used for topical administration?

    <p>Ointments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows the disintegration of a tablet in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Absorption of primary drug particles into blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct insulin concentration for a U-100 insulin syringe?

    <p>100 units/mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the concentration of sodium chloride expressed in a 0.9% (w/v) solution?

    <p>0.9g of sodium chloride in 100mL of solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would you find glass particles in a solution?

    <p>Using ampoules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume required if Mr. N is prescribed 25mg of spironolactone at a concentration of 5mg/mL?

    <p>5mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a child weighing 35kg is prescribed amoxicillin at 30mg/kg, what is the total dose required?

    <p>700mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for monitoring plasma drug concentration?

    <p>To check therapeutic response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT modify drug plasma concentration for a given dose?

    <p>Patient's financial status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can indicate an ineffective therapeutic response?

    <p>Less than the minimum required dose has been administered (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can modify the effect of a drug for a given plasma concentration?

    <p>Bacterial resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect should be considered to assess adherence to therapy?

    <p>Simplification of dosage regimen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT related to drug interactions?

    <p>Drug formulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor affecting the use of medicines?

    <p>Allergies to medicines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about drug therapy is true?

    <p>Environmental variation affects how drugs are distributed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to prescribe medicines with a pre-defined duration?

    <p>To prevent resistance and complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a milliequivalent primarily used to measure in chemistry?

    <p>Chemical quantity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source does not typically contribute to a patient's medication history?

    <p>Community pharmacy student interns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of obtaining a thorough medication history?

    <p>Clarifying vague responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When addressing administration and monitoring of medications, which factor is essential to consider?

    <p>The route of administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when explaining to a patient why a medication history is being taken?

    <p>Employing complex medical terminology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medicines should also be discussed with patients during medication history taking?

    <p>Self-medication products, including OTC and herbal products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of administration aids in medication management?

    <p>To assist patients with adherence to their medication regimen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the compatibility of medications assessed during administration?

    <p>By evaluating the interaction between the medications and food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least relevant to conducting proportional calculations in medication preparations?

    <p>Patient's age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included when collecting historical medication information?

    <p>Medications recently stopped or changed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a significant reason for maintaining accurate record keeping in healthcare?

    <p>Important for continuity of care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion is NOT essential for drug formulations?

    <p>Complex manufacturing process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of hospital admissions is likely to be caused by adverse drug reactions (ADRs)?

    <p>3 – 10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an impact of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to hospital admissions?

    <p>Increased costs associated with ADRs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the black triangle system in pharmacovigilance?

    <p>For additional close monitoring of certain drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

    <p>A noxious and unintended response to a medicinal product (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pharmacovigilance primarily contribute to drug safety?

    <p>By identifying new risks in clinical practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely societal cost of adverse drug reactions in the EU annually?

    <p>€79 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of hospitalized patients may suffer from an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

    <p>2.1 – 6.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the classification of adverse drug reactions?

    <p>Specific drug brand name (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Urine

    Liquid waste excreted from the body, containing urea, salts, and water.

    Administration of Medicines

    The process of delivering drugs to the body through various routes.

    Bioavailability

    The rate and extent to which an active substance is absorbed and made available at the site of action.

    Oral Dosage Forms

    Forms of medicines that are taken by mouth, including tablets and capsules.

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    Topical Dosage Forms

    Medicines applied directly to a specific area of the skin or mucous membranes.

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    Factors Influencing Drug Absorption

    Elements affecting how well a drug is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, including pH and food interaction.

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    Routes of Administration

    Various pathways through which drugs can be delivered to the body, like orally or through injections.

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    Therapeutic response monitoring

    The process of observing the effectiveness of drug therapy and its effects on a patient.

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    Drug toxicity assessment

    Evaluating the harmful effects of a drug on a patient.

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    Adherence to therapy

    Measuring how well patients follow their prescribed medication regimens.

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    Minimum required dose

    The smallest amount of a drug needed to produce the desired therapeutic effect.

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    Plasma drug concentration

    The amount of drug present in the bloodstream at a given time, influencing its efficacy and safety.

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    Factors modifying drug plasma concentration

    Various influences such as formulation, genetics, environment, and disease that affect how much drug is in the plasma.

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    Factors modifying drug effects

    Elements such as drug interactions, age, and electrolyte balance that determine the impact of the drug in the body.

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    Allergies to medicines

    Adverse reactions that can occur due to active ingredients or inactive components in medications.

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    Simplification of dosage regimen

    Making medication schedules easier to follow to improve adherence and treatment outcomes.

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    Ampoule

    A sealed container used for holding a single dose of a drug, often glass.

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    Unit (U) in Dosage

    A specific measurement for biological drugs like insulin; not interchangeable with other measurements.

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    Concentration Expression

    Methods for expressing drug concentration, such as mass/volume, percentages, and moles.

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    Volume Conversion

    To convert between litres (L) and millilitres (mL), use 1 L = 1000 mL.

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    Calculating Volume for Doses

    Calculated by Dose = Concentration x Volume; rearrange to find Volume required.

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    Milliequivalent

    A milliequivalent is one thousandth of a gram equivalent weight.

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    Mole

    The mole is the unit of chemical quantity, representing a specific number of particles.

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    Medication History Importance

    Medication history assesses appropriateness of current therapy and directs future treatments.

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    Medication Error Identification

    Identifying medication errors is crucial for patient safety and effective treatment.

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    Adherence Identification

    Understanding poor or non-adherence helps in better managing patient therapies.

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    Non-Daily Medicines

    Medicines that are not taken every day, including those used as needed.

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    Self-Medication Knowledge

    Self-medication includes any products taken by the patient, prescribed or not.

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    Historical Medicines

    Historical medicines are those that have been recently stopped or changed by the patient.

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    Administration Route Suitability

    Determine if the prescribed route of administration is suitable for the patient.

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    Administration Aids

    Administration aids are tools needed by patients to enhance medication adherence.

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    Record Keeping

    The documentation of significant clinical checks, interventions, and discussions in healthcare.

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    Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

    Noxious and unintended responses to a medicinal product, including medication errors.

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    Pharmacovigilance

    The science of monitoring drug safety post-marketing, identifying new risks and side effects.

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    Impact of ADRs

    Hospital admissions and societal costs related to adverse drug reactions, causing significant burden.

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    Bioavailability Criteria

    Essential factors for drug formulations, including absorption and safety of ingredients.

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    Types of Drug Formulations

    Requirements for drug forms including bioavailability, safety, and cultural acceptance.

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    Severity of ADRs

    Classification of adverse drug reactions based on their seriousness and impact on health.

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    Socio-cultural Acceptability

    The consideration of cultural preferences and acceptability in drug formulation.

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    Clear Product Information

    Requires precise and understandable information provided with drug products for user guidance.

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    Centralized EU Database for ADRs

    A database that collects adverse drug reactions and medication errors across the EU for monitoring.

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    Study Notes

    Therapeutics Medicines Use

    • This presentation covers the use of medicines, focusing on pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics.
    • Key factors determining drug effectiveness include bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and route of administration.
    • Bioavailability refers to the rate and extent to which the active substance or active moiety is absorbed from a pharmaceutical form and becomes available at the site of action.

    Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics

    • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are key concepts.
    • Different routes of administration and plasma concentration-time curves are discussed.
    • The presentation includes a detailed diagram illustrating common routes of administration.

    Use of Medicines

    • Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and route of administration are pivotal in drug use.
    • They dictate if a drug reaches its intended site of action and has its intended effect.

    Biopharmaceutics

    • The design of dosage forms and their application to various routes of administration is discussed.
    • This involves the principles of LADME (liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) for different administration routes.
    • The concept of a therapeutic window, and plasma concentration against time curves are explored as indicators for different dosage forms and administration routes.

    Routes of Administration of Medicines

    • The presentation provides a schematic diagram outlining the pathways a medicine takes after administration, highlighting routes such as oral, rectal, topical and routes involving circulatory systems.
    • Illustrative examples of drug routes to target various parts of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, skin, lungs and kidneys, are referenced.
    • Detailed information about various routes of administration and associated features such as ingestion, injection, inhalation and topical routes are included.

    Routes of Administration

    • Intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection methods are outlined.
    • Intravenous injection is indicated for immediate action.
    • Oral medication and inhalation are also cited as examples of administration routes.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • This section delves into the stages of drug administration.
    • Stages include drug administration, absorption, distribution, binding, metabolism, and excretion.
    • Key sites and processes for drug metabolism and excretion are discussed.

    Disposition of Drugs

    • A diagram illustrates the pathways of drug disposition.
    • Various organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, and lungs are highlighted as important sites in the process.
    • The diagram highlights organs critical for drug metabolism, absorption and excretion.
    • The diagram emphasizes various destinations for drugs after administration.

    Administration of Medicines

    • This section discusses the various dosage forms and administration routes for medicines.
    • Images showcase examples of various dosage forms and administration methods used for oral, topical, and parenteral applications.

    Range of Dosage Forms for Different Routes of Administration

    • A table summarizes different dosage forms for various administration routes, such as oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, pulmonary, nasal, and ophthalmic/otic.

    Liberation and Absorption of a Medicine from a Tablet

    • The process of a tablet's disintegration into granules leading to rapid drug dissolution and absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is outlined.
    • Factors influencing drug absorption and bioavailability, such as pH, intestinal motility, and food interactions, are discussed.
    • The text elucidates the process of drug liberation (breaking down of tablet) and absorption within the body, highlighting the importance of surface area and rate of drug dissolution for a more efficient absorption process.

    Bioavailability

    • Bioavailability is defined as a concept.
    • Describes the rate and extent to which the active substance or active moiety is absorbed from a pharmaceutical form at the site of action.
    • Applies to systemic medicines.

    Absolute and Relative Bioavailability

    • The presentation details how to determine absolute and relative bioavailability from intravenous or various dosages.
    • Intravenous is 100% and other routes are compared against that.

    Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations

    • The diagram illustrates the relationship between dosage regimen, plasma concentration, site of action, and effects of medicines.
    • It shows that plasma concentration-time data is used as feedback to modify dosage regimens for some medicines.

    Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Overview

    • The overview highlights the interplay of drug dose, biological fluid concentration, effect site concentration, pharmacological effects and their variability.
    • The relationship between drug dose and the resultant biological effects is a key point.
    • Drug excretion and metabolism, and their variations are highlighted.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Pharmacokinetics encompasses how the body handles drugs.
    • The processes like liberation, absorption, and distribution from the gastrointestinal tract are discussed.
    • The processes of absorption from sites like the stomach and intestines are elaborated.
    • Key factors affecting absorption from the GI tract include gastric acid secretion, bile salt formation, gastric emptying time, intestinal motility, bowel length, and microbial flora.
    • The concept of systemic circulation is clarified, and how drugs travel via the bloodstream to target cells is described.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • The slide elucidates drug distribution after entering the general circulation.
    • The process of unequal distribution in body compartments and tissues is important.
    • The speed of uptake into tissues relies on blood flow and the drug partition between the blood and tissue.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Metabolism (chemical alteration of drugs in the body) is detailed, highlighting the liver as the primary site.
    • The impact of individual variation, concurrent diseases, and drug interactions on metabolism is elaborated.
    • Excretion of drugs and metabolites is discussed, with emphasis on the kidney as the major organ for eliminating water-soluble substances.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • This section explains the effect of a medicine on the body.
    • The study involving biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body or microorganisms/parasites is mentioned.
    • Mechanisms of drug action and the link between drug concentration and effect are described.
    • A significant concept discussed is the binding to receptors.

    Concentration-Time Curves

    • Explains the concept of concentration-time curves for different medicine formulations.
    • Illustrates that these curves show the relationship between levels of a drug in the blood (concentration) and the time elapsed after administration (time).
    • Key features of a therapeutic window, maximum safe concentration and minimum effective concentration are illustrated.

    Plasma Concentration vs. Time

    • The graph illustrates plasma concentration against time for a drug.
    • It describes factors within therapeutic window as useful indicators for drug monitoring and efficacy assessment.
    • It outlines minimum effective concentration and maximum safe concentration, which determine the effective range of a drug dose, as well as potential side effects.

    Concentration-Time Curves: Oral Route, Different Dosage Frequency/Intervals

    • Shows concentration-time curves for different oral dosing frequencies at a steady state.
    • Illustrates how different frequencies of dosage influence the plasma concentration of the drug over time.

    Concentration-Time Curves: Oral Route

    • Depicts the relationship between drug concentration in the blood and time for oral administration, including the concept of "steady state".
    • It contrasts between a patient receiving a dose without a loading dose, and with a loading dose.

    Concentration-Time Curves

    • This slide outlines the concept of drug absorption and elimination phases, and how they appear in the concentration-time curve of a single dose medicine.

    Concentration-Time Curves: IV Administration

    • This figure shows the concentration-time curves for different methods of IV administration, including continuous infusion and intermittent bolus dosing
    • This figure visually demonstrates how different IV administration methods lead to distinct concentration-time curves and different patterns of drug accumulation in the bloodstream.

    Drug Half-Life

    • The relationship between steady-state drug concentration and time taken to reach 50% or 90% of the steady-state drug concentration for a given drug is explained.
    • It implies a crucial concept of half-life to understand the dynamics of drug concentration in the blood over time.

    Acute vs. Steady State

    • Diagram displays the difference between acute and steady-state drug concentration curves after drug administration, highlighting the concept of half-life and time intervals needed for steady state.
    • Differences are shown in drug accumulation, and the amount of time required for steady-state concentration, in relation to single doses or multiple dosing.

    Development of New Drugs

    • This section outlines the steps involved in developing new medicines.
    • A timeline of the research and development process is presented, from initial in vitro studies through animal testing and various clinical phases to eventual marketing.

    A Scheme for New Drug Development

    • The figure presents a timeline showing the various stages in bringing a new drug to market.
    • It shows how time is spent on various tasks before a drug can be used by a patient and regulatory processes involved.

    Clinical Trials

    • Clinical trials are regulated since 2005.
    • Described as based on scientific information and ethical approval.
    • Emphasizes the role of the clinical trial in providing evidence to support marketing authorisation and changes to authorisations.
    • Authorized trials are listed on www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu.

    Pre-clinical and clinical phases

    • Outlines a summary of the various pre-clinical and clinical phases involved in the process of evaluating new medicines.
    • Illustrates the stages involved, starting from preliminary studies in vitro and in vivo, through different phases of clinical trials involving different groups of people and the regulatory process through which it needs to go.

    Phases of a Clinical Trial

    • The slides show the different stages of a clinical trial.
    • Expands on various end points and types of studies involved during each phase of the trial, starting from Phase 1 that focusses on safety to larger scale studies which focus on the efficacy of the drug.

    Steps in a Clinical Trial

    • This slide outlines the sequential steps involved in the execution of a clinical trial.

    Pharmaceutical Product Life Cycle

    • The diagram elucidates the stages of a pharmaceutical product's life cycle, from R&D through commercialization till generics becoming available, emphasizing the impact of patent and exclusivity periods on sales.

    Medicines Use in Clinical Practice

    • This slide introduces a discussion on administering medicines in clinical practice.

    Therapeutic Regimens

    • Factors that play a part in determining the therapeutic regimen for a medication; including patient factors and other factors.
    • This shows the different elements that influence the design of an appropriate medication treatment plan for a given patient

    Optimisation of Medicines for Patients

    • A summary overview of medicines optimisation for better patient outcomes.
    • The concept of optimising medicine use for patients is a crucial aspect of pharmaceutical practice.

    Medicines Optimisation vs. Medicines Management

    • Explains that optimisation is focused on measurable improvements in patient outcomes.
    • Management focusses on streamlining processes and systems.

    Patient Characteristics

    • This section focuses on important factors to consider concerning patients, during medical evaluations.
    • The text covers types of patients, co-morbidities, and individual preferences.
    • It describes how patient characteristics influence treatment decisions, and details factors such as age, weight, condition, and other disease states.

    Monitoring of Drug Therapy

    • Describes monitoring practices in evaluating drug response and toxicity and assessing patient adherence to therapy.
    • Highlights the importance of monitoring treatment response, toxicity of medicines and patient adherence to therapy.

    Concentration of Drug in Plasma

    • Explains that individual variation occurs regarding how drugs are handled.
    • The several factors that can affect the different levels of a drug concentration in a patient's blood are mentioned, including formulation, genetic makeup, environmental elements, disease states, and drug interaction.

    Factors that Modify the Effect of the Drug

    • Factors influencing the effect and concentration of drugs in patients' plasma are discussed.
    • The factors that need to be considered when dispensing a medication to a patient include drug interactions, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, age, bacterial resistance, and plasma protein binding.

    Factors Affecting the Use of Medicines

    • The slide outlines various factors that impact patient adherence to medication recommendations, encompassing allergic reactions, dosage regimen complexities, ingestion difficulties, and interactions with other drugs or food.

    Medication Regimen Factors

    • A summary slide detailing factors that are important to consider when designing a patient's medication regimen, including indication, changes in treatment, dose, frequency and strength, formulation, compatibility, and monitoring of therapy.
    • Provides a comprehensive list of abbreviations used during the dispensing of medical products, specifying their meanings.

    Calculation of Doses of Medicinal Products

    • The slide introduces various concentration approaches to dispensing medicine, including weight per unit volume, volume per volume percentage, and proportions.
    • Units like mg, g, mL, and L are presented as important in calculations.

    Medication History

    • Emphasises the importance of gathering an accurate medication history for patients.
    • Provides key sources to obtain such information; including details on past, current, or potential treatments, self-medication, or any difficulties the patient may face.

    Administration and Monitoring

    • Discusses how the administration route is critical to the patient.
    • This section covers the importance of administration aids and record keeping that should be maintained in the patient's medical history.

    Criteria for Drug Formulations

    • Criteria governing how drug formulations are designed for optimal patient use, including bioavailability, excipient safety, palatability, uniformity of dosage, administration ease and socio-cultural suitability and clear product information.

    Impact of Adverse Drug Reactions

    • This section addresses the consequences and costs associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
    • It highlights the percentages of hospital admissions due to ADRs and the financial impact these reactions have on healthcare systems.

    Pharmacovigilance

    • The presentation describes pharmacovigilance, including the limitation of previous safety data.
    • The text covers the identification of new risks linked to medicinal products and the introduction of new regulations.

    Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions

    • This slide provides a classification of adverse drug reactions based on their relationship to the administered dose, duration of symptoms or use of a medicine and the type of reaction.
    • This classification summarizes characteristic features of reactions that can be seen as a consequence of prescribing certain drugs.

    Drug Allergies

    • Summarizes factors concerning allergies to prescribed medicines.
    • The presentation details the causes, types, and severity of drug allergies, providing awareness of the importance of preventing allergies.

    Symptoms of Severe Drug Allergies

    • This slide presents possible clinical characteristics of severe drug allergies.
    • It provides a visual overview, including symptoms concerning the heart, lungs, skin, brain, and stomach.

    Information on Medicines

    • Provides details of where reliable and specific information on medicines can be found, like Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC), with reference to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

    Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)

    • This slide provides a detailed list of the components of a Summary of Product Characteristics sheet (SmPC).
    • It lists different elements such as qualitative and quantitative composition to clinical particular and the required regulatory data.

    SmPC Information

    • Instructions regarding where to find reliable information on medicines and their different dosage forms.
    • This section details relevant online resources for further information.

    Use of Medicines in Older Persons

    • The presentation covers the increasing proportion of older adults needing and using medicines.
    • This section highlights that healthcare systems play an increasingly important role in older persons.

    Europe is Ageing

    • The graph illustrates a trend of an ageing European population during the period.

    Use of Medicines in Older Persons

    • This section outlines the key considerations in the use of medicines in older adults.
    • Focuses on the increasing prevalence of diseases like dementia, cancer, and osteoporosis in older populations and the importance of clinical trials in this demographic.

    Factors Affecting Use of Medicines in Older Persons

    • This slide summarises the critical factors that affect the process of administering medicines to older persons.
    • This concerns factors such as altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, changed physiology, diverse disease spectrum, polypharmacy (taking more than one drug), increased adverse events risk and interactions with food and alcohol.

    Altered Functions in Older Persons

    • This slide details the key aspects of altered functions in older adults, impacting drug use.
    • These alterations cover body composition, liver and kidney function, and their implications in drug metabolism and excretion.

    Accessibility of Medicines in Older Persons

    • This section addresses factors related to accessibility of medicines for older adults, including physical, cognitive, and social elements.
    • Factors such as age-related vision loss, memory difficulties, physical limitations and the location of care facilities are discussed.

    Affordability of Medicines

    • Explains the role of financial constraints in access to medicines.
    • It highlights the prevalence of unawareness about cheaper alternatives.

    Prescribing for Older Persons

    • The text provides principles and procedures for prescribing medicines to older persons.
    • It emphasizes the need for careful consideration of factors concerning elderly persons when prescribing and dispensing.

    Dispensing of Medicines to Older Persons

    • The section outlines the importance of proper dispensing practices for older adults.
    • It highlights appropriate handling of medicines, clear directions, warnings about drug-drug and drug-food interactions, and how to ensure that patients have access to medication and understand their treatments.

    Use of Medicines in Children

    • Covers crucial principles in administering medicines to children.
    • Focuses on that children are not simply smaller versions of adults, but as a different biological group and patient group, with different needs.

    Differences in Paediatrics

    • Explains the differences and challenges in administering medicines to children concerning factors like body development, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.
    • Focuses on how these variances from adults impact the delivery and suitability of medications and dosage regimens.

    Dosing and Formulations in Children

    • This section covers dosing and formulation strategies for administering medicines to children.
    • It discusses aspects such as higher blood-brain barriers, longer half-lives, appropriateness of formulations, taste preferences and reduced risk of medication errors.

    Selection of Appropriate Preparation

    • The process of choosing the most suitable medication form for children, considering factors such as age, condition, concomitant medications, bioavailability, dosage frequency, and allergies.

    Suitability of Paediatric Medicines

    • Considerations in the production, preparation and suitability of medicines for children are covered, encompassing factors like dose adjustments, taste masking, stability of ingredients and use of certain forms.

    Medicines Use Process

    • A summary of the principles and steps involved in delivering medicines to patients.

    Medicines Use Process

    • Describes the key stages of the medicine use process, from prescribing, dispensing, administration to monitoring and systems control.
    • This slide covers various legal classifications for using medicines, such as those aligned with Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC), compassionate use (article 81), off-label use, and unlicensed product use.

    Principles of Therapeutics

    • Summarises vital concepts within the field of therapeutics.
    • It encompasses principles of clinical medicine, disease management, treatment and patient care, administrative processes related to dispensing medicines, and the need for careful consideration of risk factors and effects.

    Path from Evidence Generation to Clinical Application

    • This section illustrates how scientific evidence from research translates to medical policies and applications in patient care, while always considering the individual patient's needs and circumstances.
    • Emphasizes that applying evidence in clinical practice should be carried out with an individualised approach.

    Information and Support Systems for Clinical Decision Making

    • Details the necessary information and support systems that are needed when making clinical decisions regarding administering medications.
    • It mentions keeping up to date on new knowledge, use of advertising for medicines, and accessing relevant resources for supporting decision-making processes.

    Information Sources

    • This section provides a list of available resources regarding medicines and their use.
    • It includes links to reference sites for specific information on medicinal products.

    Use of Medicines by Patients

    • Provides guidance on empowering patients to actively participate in decisions relevant to the treatment regimen.
    • Provides examples on where patients may source information relevant to their medicines.

    Considerations for Medicines Use

    • It covers aspects of pharmacoepidemiology, including demographics and changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
    • The section also includes aspects of rational medicine use, adherence to treatment, access to and affordability of medicines, advertising, recommendations for prescription and dispensing, and drug administration.

    Adherence to Medicines

    • Defines adherence as the process by which patients correctly adhere to the prescribed dosage of a medicine.
    • Defines the three phases - initiation, implementation and discontinuation.

    Factors which Affect Adherence to Medicines Regimen

    • Factors that need to be considered when determining why patients may not adhere to the prescribed medicinal regimen.

    Improving Adherence to Medicines

    • Describes techniques to improve patients' adherence to their treatments.
    • Highlights strategies for simplifying, improving taste tolerance, and enhancing patient comprehension to improve compliance.

    Strategies to Meet Needs of Specific Patients

    • This describes how to cater to specific patient populations.

    Medication Safety Incidents

    • Explains the different types of medication safety incidents.

    Medication Errors

    • Defines medication errors by outlining the preventable events related to medication use and the possible negative outcomes.

    Medication Errors

    • Describes the different stages of the medication process that may be the cause of a medication error.

    Errors in the Medication Cycle

    • Displays a breakdown of different points within the medication cycle that are prone to error.

    Medication Errors

    • This section categorizes, and describes in detail, various types of medication errors.
    • The slide includes a table listing different types of errors, and providing definitions.

    Medication Errors

    • Briefly explains the types of errors related to medication prescribing, administration etc.
    • The section outlines different points related to professional practice, products, procedures, environment, systems that may cause these errors.

    Examples From Practice

    • Presentation of case studies that highlight different types of medication errors in different hospital settings, such as oncology and respiratory wards.

    Medication Errors - Resulting in Patient Harm

    • Explains how certain medication errors can lead to patient harm.
    • Cases of drugs that should not be given due to known allergies, side-effects or existing conditions are presented.

    Adverse Drug Reactions - Not Resulting in Medication Error

    • Explains the types of adverse drug reactions that are separate from medication errors or are related to predictable side effects of medicines.

    Medicines Administration Calculations–Introduction

    • This slide serves as an introduction to the subsequent sections on medicines administration calculations.
    • It introduces the need for accurate calculations when preparing and administering medicines and the basic concepts needed for such calculations.

    SI Units

    • Provides a table demonstrating different SI units (International System of Units) and their corresponding symbols and mathematical factors.

    Weight/Mass

    • Explains the units of weight (kg, g, mg, mcg, ng), and how they are related to each other.

    Examples

    • Presents examples of how to convert drug doses or concentrations to different units using the correct mathematical formulas.

    Calculating Volume

    • The slide presents examples of calculations involving drug concentrations and volumes.

    Calculating Volume - Syringe Drivers

    • Describes the typical range of rates that syringe drivers are set to deliver medicines.

    Calculating Rate

    • Provides the basic formula for calculating medication delivery rate, relating volume and time.

    Calculating Rate

    • Explains in further detail how to calculate delivery rates in a patient setting, to deliver medications by a given method.

    Calculating Rate

    • Shows step-by-step how to calculate the mL/min rate for injecting a patient with a prescribed amount of medication, given a medication solution with a specific concentration value.

    Flow Rate Calculations

    • Shows the formula to calculate flow rate by drops per minute for different IV administration systems.

    Infusion Sets

    • Illustrates the different varieties of infusion sets, and their critical components.

    Flow Rate Calculations

    • Provides the formula to calculate the rate of delivery of a drug using an intravenous infusion set, including the correct calculation using the appropriate units.

    Example

    • A worked example calculation on calculating the number of drops to be delivered per minute involving a certain amount of drug.

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    Therapeutics and Medicines Use PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various topics in pharmaceutical sciences, including routes of administration, drug absorption, and dosage forms. This quiz covers key concepts that are crucial for understanding pharmacology and medication administration.

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