Pharmaceutical Pastes and Gels
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of Carbopol 980 in a gel formulation?

  • To adjust the pH of the formulation
  • To act as a preservative
  • To act as a cosolvent
  • To act as a gelling agent (correct)

    • What type of bonds are responsible for physical crosslinking in hydrophilic polymers?

  • Van der Waals interactions and crystallites (correct)
  • Hydrogen bonds and π–π-stackings
  • Entanglements and π–π-stackings
  • Crystallites and hydrogen bonds

    • What is the process by which a gel takes up water or solvent and increases in volume?

  • Syneresis
  • Thixotropy
  • Swelling or imbibition (correct)
  • Gelation

    • What is the term for the process by which a gel contracts spontaneously and exudes some fluid medium?

    <p>Syneresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the property of some gels to turn into a sol on shaking and reset to the gel on standing?

    <p>Thixotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solvents are used in the preparation of organogels?

    <p>Organic (non-polar) solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of self-assembly of low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) to give polymer-like fibers?

    <p>The gelation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Poloxamer 124 in a gel formulation?

    <p>To act as a surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pastes in the treatment of oozing lesions?

    <p>To absorb secretions and protect the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic consistency of pastes?

    <p>Stiff and non-flowable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a hydrocarbon base in pastes?

    <p>To create a soft and glossy base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of preparation involves melting all bases and wax with continuous stirring?

    <p>Fusion method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using polydimethylsiloxane in pastes?

    <p>To act as an additional hydrophobic solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a single-phase aqueous paste and a fatty paste?

    <p>One has a water-miscible base and the other has a hydrocarbon base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using preservatives in pastes?

    <p>To prevent the growth of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of paste?

    <p>Ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of stimuli-responsive gels?

    <p>Drastic change in properties in response to external stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an occlusive vehicle in a topical preparation?

    <p>To enhance penetration of the active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure is formed by bentonite or kaolin in a gel?

    <p>Lamellar structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for gels in which the vehicle has been removed, leaving a polymer network?

    <p>Xerogel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to match the type of preparation with the type of lesions and site of application?

    <p>To ensure the vehicle does not interfere with the action of the active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the affected area before applying a topical medication?

    <p>Clean and dry the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to instruct the patient on the proper amount of topical agent to use?

    <p>To ensure the correct dose of the active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended practice when handling topical agents?

    <p>Wash hands before and after use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes organic gels from inorganic gels?

    <p>The type of colloidal particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the behavior of gels that exhibit a decrease in viscosity with increased shear force?

    <p>Pseudoplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the EDTA in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To chelate metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the colloids in hydrogels?

    <p>Large organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To act as a gelling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the particles in gels that restricts their movement?

    <p>Their three-dimensional network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of sedimentation of particles in gels over time?

    <p>Sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To act as a surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Gelling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which excipient is responsible for stabilizing the formulation in Adapalene gel?

    <p>EDTA sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Cosolvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which excipient is used to adjust the pH of Adapalene gel?

    <p>Sodium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Preservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which excipient is responsible for creating a consistent texture in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Carbopol 980</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which excipient is used as a solvent in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Purified water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Gelling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Preservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of EDTA in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Chelating agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sodium hydroxide in Adapalene gel?

    <p>pH adjuster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

    <p>Cosolvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a hydrocarbon base in pastes?

    <p>To serve as a vehicle for the active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following excipients is a lipophilic antioxidant?

    <p>BHA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a chelating agent like EDTA in a gel formulation?

    <p>To stabilize the formulation by removing impurities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using preservatives in pastes?

    <p>To prevent microbial growth and spoilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gels contain gelling agents like natural or synthetic polymers?

    <p>Organic gels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of zinc oxide paste that makes it suitable for diaper rash?

    <p>It is a porous and protective coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using emulsifying ointment as a base in pastes?

    <p>To facilitate the dispersion of powdered ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a preservative like Methylparaben in a gel formulation?

    <p>To prevent microbial growth and spoilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of castor oil in zinc oxide paste?

    <p>It is a hydrophobic solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a surfactant like Poloxamer 124 in a gel formulation?

    <p>To enhance spreadability and skin feel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a gelling agent like Carbopol 980 in a gel formulation?

    <p>To create a three-dimensional network and provide structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which excipient is responsible for adjusting the pH of Adapalene gel?

    <p>Sodium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To provide a gelling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To function as a preservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of EDTA in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To function as a chelating agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To act as a surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To act as a cosolvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sodium hydroxide in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To adjust the pH of the gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To create a consistent texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To act as a preservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of EDTA in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To chelate metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To act as a surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To act as a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sodium hydroxide in Adapalene gel?

    <p>To adjust the pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a chelating agent like EDTA in a gel formulation?

    <p>To prevent oxidation of the active ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antioxidant is BHA?

    <p>Lipophilic antioxidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a hydrocarbon base in pastes?

    <p>To provide a stiff consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of preservatives in pastes?

    <p>To prevent the growth of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a surfactant in a gel formulation?

    <p>To reduce the surface tension of the formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a gelling agent in a gel formulation?

    <p>To thicken the formulation and create a gel-like consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmaceutical Pastes and Gels

    • Pastes are semisolid dosage forms that contain a high percentage (often up to 50%) of finely dispersed solids.
    • Characteristics of pastes:
      • Stiff consistency
      • Stay over the area to which they are applied
      • Serve as protective coatings
      • Used in the treatment of oozing lesions (absorb secretions)

    Types of Pastes

    • Single-phase aqueous paste
    • Aqueous gel
    • Triamcinolone acetonide dental paste (0.1%)
      • Topical corticosteroid (oral lesions, mouth sores, decreases inflammation)
    • Fatty paste
      • Zinc oxide paste (16 - 40%) for diaper rash
      • Contains Ricinus communis (castor) seed oil, Mineral oil, Paraffin, Balsam tolu resin, Petrolatum

    Bases Used for Pastes

    • Hydrocarbon base
      • Soft paraffin and liquid paraffin
    • Water miscible base
      • Emulsifying ointment
      • Plasticized hydrocarbon (PEG + hydrocarbons)
    • Water soluble bases
      • PEG bases

    Preparation of Paste

    • Fusion method
      • Melt all bases & wax with continuous stirring
      • Add powdered ingredients
      • Continuous and constant stirring until cool
    • Fusion and trituration method
      • Melt the base
      • Take powder (drug) and triturate with melted base (concentrate)
      • Triturate (mix) the concentrate with the remaining base (heat may be used to facilitate mixing)

    Commonly Used Excipients in Pastes

    • Additional/alternative hydrophobic solvents
      • Polydimethylsiloxane (liquid silicone)
      • Vegetable oils (canola oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil)
      • Organic esters (isopropyl myristate)
    • Preservatives (if necessary)
    • Antioxidants
      • Lipophilic antioxidants (BHA, BHT)
      • Hydrophilic antioxidants (sodium metabisulfite)

    Pharmaceutical Gels

    • Gels are semisolid systems consisting of colloids as either:
      • Small inorganic particles (colloidal suspension)
      • Large organic molecules (interpenetrated by a liquid)
    • Based on the external liquid phase, gels can be classified as:
      • Polar/aqueous (hydrogels)
      • Nonpolar/lipids (organogels)

    Types of Gels

    • Inorganic gels
      • Aluminum hydroxide gel
      • Bentonite magma colloidal dispersion
    • Organic gels
      • Polyacrylic acid polymers (Carbomer, Carbopol 980)
      • Tragacanth
      • Lecithin based
      • Sorbitan ester based

    Characteristics of Gels

    • Swelling or Imbibition
      • Taking up of water (or solvent) by the gel and increase in volume
    • Syneresis or Weeping of Gel
      • Opposite of swelling/imbibition
    • Thixotropy
      • Some gels turn into a sol on shaking and reset to the gel on standing

    Excipients in Adapalene Gel

    • Carbopol 980 (crosslinked polyacrylic acid)
      • EDTA sodium
      • Methylparaben
      • Poloxamer 124 (Polyethylene-Polypropylene Glycol)
      • Propylene glycol
      • Purified water
      • Sodium hydroxide
      • Hydrochloric acid

    Functions of Excipients in Adapalene Gel

    • Gelling agent
    • Chelating agent/Stabilizer
    • Preservative
    • Surfactant
    • Cosolvent
    • Solvent

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