Pharmaceutical Pastes and Gels

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of Carbopol 980 in a gel formulation?

  • To adjust the pH of the formulation
  • To act as a preservative
  • To act as a cosolvent
  • To act as a gelling agent (correct)

What type of bonds are responsible for physical crosslinking in hydrophilic polymers?

  • Van der Waals interactions and crystallites (correct)
  • Hydrogen bonds and π–π-stackings
  • Entanglements and π–π-stackings
  • Crystallites and hydrogen bonds

What is the process by which a gel takes up water or solvent and increases in volume?

  • Syneresis
  • Thixotropy
  • Swelling or imbibition (correct)
  • Gelation

What is the term for the process by which a gel contracts spontaneously and exudes some fluid medium?

<p>Syneresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the property of some gels to turn into a sol on shaking and reset to the gel on standing?

<p>Thixotropy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of solvents are used in the preparation of organogels?

<p>Organic (non-polar) solvents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of self-assembly of low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) to give polymer-like fibers?

<p>The gelation process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Poloxamer 124 in a gel formulation?

<p>To act as a surfactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pastes in the treatment of oozing lesions?

<p>To absorb secretions and protect the affected area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic consistency of pastes?

<p>Stiff and non-flowable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a hydrocarbon base in pastes?

<p>To create a soft and glossy base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of preparation involves melting all bases and wax with continuous stirring?

<p>Fusion method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using polydimethylsiloxane in pastes?

<p>To act as an additional hydrophobic solvent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a single-phase aqueous paste and a fatty paste?

<p>One has a water-miscible base and the other has a hydrocarbon base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using preservatives in pastes?

<p>To prevent the growth of microorganisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of paste?

<p>Ointment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of stimuli-responsive gels?

<p>Drastic change in properties in response to external stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an occlusive vehicle in a topical preparation?

<p>To enhance penetration of the active ingredient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure is formed by bentonite or kaolin in a gel?

<p>Lamellar structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for gels in which the vehicle has been removed, leaving a polymer network?

<p>Xerogel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to match the type of preparation with the type of lesions and site of application?

<p>To ensure the vehicle does not interfere with the action of the active ingredient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the affected area before applying a topical medication?

<p>Clean and dry the affected area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to instruct the patient on the proper amount of topical agent to use?

<p>To ensure the correct dose of the active ingredient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice when handling topical agents?

<p>Wash hands before and after use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes organic gels from inorganic gels?

<p>The type of colloidal particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the behavior of gels that exhibit a decrease in viscosity with increased shear force?

<p>Pseudoplasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the EDTA in Adapalene gel?

<p>To chelate metal ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the colloids in hydrogels?

<p>Large organic molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

<p>To act as a gelling agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the particles in gels that restricts their movement?

<p>Their three-dimensional network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of sedimentation of particles in gels over time?

<p>Sedimentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

<p>To act as a surfactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

<p>Gelling agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which excipient is responsible for stabilizing the formulation in Adapalene gel?

<p>EDTA sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

<p>Cosolvent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which excipient is used to adjust the pH of Adapalene gel?

<p>Sodium hydroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

<p>Preservative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which excipient is responsible for creating a consistent texture in Adapalene gel?

<p>Carbopol 980 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

<p>Surfactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which excipient is used as a solvent in Adapalene gel?

<p>Purified water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

<p>Gelling agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

<p>Preservative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of EDTA in Adapalene gel?

<p>Chelating agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

<p>Surfactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Sodium hydroxide in Adapalene gel?

<p>pH adjuster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

<p>Cosolvent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a hydrocarbon base in pastes?

<p>To serve as a vehicle for the active ingredient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following excipients is a lipophilic antioxidant?

<p>BHA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a chelating agent like EDTA in a gel formulation?

<p>To stabilize the formulation by removing impurities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using preservatives in pastes?

<p>To prevent microbial growth and spoilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gels contain gelling agents like natural or synthetic polymers?

<p>Organic gels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of zinc oxide paste that makes it suitable for diaper rash?

<p>It is a porous and protective coating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using emulsifying ointment as a base in pastes?

<p>To facilitate the dispersion of powdered ingredients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a preservative like Methylparaben in a gel formulation?

<p>To prevent microbial growth and spoilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of castor oil in zinc oxide paste?

<p>It is a hydrophobic solvent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a surfactant like Poloxamer 124 in a gel formulation?

<p>To enhance spreadability and skin feel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gelling agent like Carbopol 980 in a gel formulation?

<p>To create a three-dimensional network and provide structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which excipient is responsible for adjusting the pH of Adapalene gel?

<p>Sodium hydroxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

<p>To provide a gelling agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

<p>To function as a preservative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of EDTA in Adapalene gel?

<p>To function as a chelating agent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

<p>To act as a surfactant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

<p>To act as a cosolvent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Sodium hydroxide in Adapalene gel?

<p>To adjust the pH of the gel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Carbopol 980 in Adapalene gel?

<p>To create a consistent texture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Methylparaben in Adapalene gel?

<p>To act as a preservative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of EDTA in Adapalene gel?

<p>To chelate metal ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Poloxamer 124 in Adapalene gel?

<p>To act as a surfactant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Propylene glycol in Adapalene gel?

<p>To act as a solvent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Sodium hydroxide in Adapalene gel?

<p>To adjust the pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a chelating agent like EDTA in a gel formulation?

<p>To prevent oxidation of the active ingredients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antioxidant is BHA?

<p>Lipophilic antioxidant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a hydrocarbon base in pastes?

<p>To provide a stiff consistency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of preservatives in pastes?

<p>To prevent the growth of microorganisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a surfactant in a gel formulation?

<p>To reduce the surface tension of the formulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gelling agent in a gel formulation?

<p>To thicken the formulation and create a gel-like consistency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Pastes and Gels

  • Pastes are semisolid dosage forms that contain a high percentage (often up to 50%) of finely dispersed solids.
  • Characteristics of pastes:
    • Stiff consistency
    • Stay over the area to which they are applied
    • Serve as protective coatings
    • Used in the treatment of oozing lesions (absorb secretions)

Types of Pastes

  • Single-phase aqueous paste
  • Aqueous gel
  • Triamcinolone acetonide dental paste (0.1%)
    • Topical corticosteroid (oral lesions, mouth sores, decreases inflammation)
  • Fatty paste
    • Zinc oxide paste (16 - 40%) for diaper rash
    • Contains Ricinus communis (castor) seed oil, Mineral oil, Paraffin, Balsam tolu resin, Petrolatum

Bases Used for Pastes

  • Hydrocarbon base
    • Soft paraffin and liquid paraffin
  • Water miscible base
    • Emulsifying ointment
    • Plasticized hydrocarbon (PEG + hydrocarbons)
  • Water soluble bases
    • PEG bases

Preparation of Paste

  • Fusion method
    • Melt all bases & wax with continuous stirring
    • Add powdered ingredients
    • Continuous and constant stirring until cool
  • Fusion and trituration method
    • Melt the base
    • Take powder (drug) and triturate with melted base (concentrate)
    • Triturate (mix) the concentrate with the remaining base (heat may be used to facilitate mixing)

Commonly Used Excipients in Pastes

  • Additional/alternative hydrophobic solvents
    • Polydimethylsiloxane (liquid silicone)
    • Vegetable oils (canola oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil)
    • Organic esters (isopropyl myristate)
  • Preservatives (if necessary)
  • Antioxidants
    • Lipophilic antioxidants (BHA, BHT)
    • Hydrophilic antioxidants (sodium metabisulfite)

Pharmaceutical Gels

  • Gels are semisolid systems consisting of colloids as either:
    • Small inorganic particles (colloidal suspension)
    • Large organic molecules (interpenetrated by a liquid)
  • Based on the external liquid phase, gels can be classified as:
    • Polar/aqueous (hydrogels)
    • Nonpolar/lipids (organogels)

Types of Gels

  • Inorganic gels
    • Aluminum hydroxide gel
    • Bentonite magma colloidal dispersion
  • Organic gels
    • Polyacrylic acid polymers (Carbomer, Carbopol 980)
    • Tragacanth
    • Lecithin based
    • Sorbitan ester based

Characteristics of Gels

  • Swelling or Imbibition
    • Taking up of water (or solvent) by the gel and increase in volume
  • Syneresis or Weeping of Gel
    • Opposite of swelling/imbibition
  • Thixotropy
    • Some gels turn into a sol on shaking and reset to the gel on standing

Excipients in Adapalene Gel

  • Carbopol 980 (crosslinked polyacrylic acid)
    • EDTA sodium
    • Methylparaben
    • Poloxamer 124 (Polyethylene-Polypropylene Glycol)
    • Propylene glycol
    • Purified water
    • Sodium hydroxide
    • Hydrochloric acid

Functions of Excipients in Adapalene Gel

  • Gelling agent
  • Chelating agent/Stabilizer
  • Preservative
  • Surfactant
  • Cosolvent
  • Solvent

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