Pharmaceutical Microencapsulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of microencapsulation in pharmaceuticals?

  • To improve color stability of drugs
  • To coat solid or liquid particles with a polymeric film (correct)
  • To reduce costs in drug production
  • To enhance absorption in the body

Microencapsulation can be applied to gaseous substances.

True (A)

Name one advantage of using microencapsulation in drug delivery.

Controlled release

Microencapsulation techniques can produce capsules in the range of ________ to ________.

<p>micrometer, millimeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of microencapsulation with their respective size ranges:

<p>Micron = 1–1000 μm Sub-micron = 100–1000 nm Nanometer = 1–100 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of microencapsulation?

<p>Centimeter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microencapsulation techniques are limited to solid particles only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one application of microencapsulation in pharmaceuticals?

<p>Controlled drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of microencapsulation?

<p>Increasing the acidity of core materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microencapsulation can help improve the shelf life by preventing degradation reactions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one material that can be used as a core material in microencapsulation.

<p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of microencapsulation includes _____ the patient's compliance.

<p>improving</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following core materials with their respective purposes:

<p>Acetaminophen = Taste masking Potassium chloride = Reduces gastric irritation Isosorbide dinitrate = Sustained Release Ofloxacin = Masking of bitter taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coating property is NOT required for effective microencapsulation?

<p>Acidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polysaccharides can be used as coating materials in microencapsulation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of converting liquids into solid substances in microencapsulation?

<p>Handling ease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of coating material used in microencapsulation?

<p>Polystyrene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microcapsules can contain multiple cores within a single shell.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of microencapsulation?

<p>Core and Shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microcapsules can be classified into three basic categories, one of which is ______________ microcapsules.

<p>Mononuclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microencapsulation techniques with their descriptions:

<p>Pan Coating = Forms small, coated particles or tablets Spray Drying = Utilizes heat to remove solvent and form particles Interfacial Polymerization = Chemical method for forming microcapsules Single Emulsion = Technique for encapsulating by creating droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for the stability of microencapsulation preparation?

<p>Clinically acceptable shelf life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrophobic polymers are typically used alone in the microencapsulation process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The preparation of microcapsules should allow for high encapsulation ____________.

<p>efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of applying coatings using the tumbled pan method?

<p>To protect the particles and facilitate controlled release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The air suspension techniques require particles to be less than 600 microns for effective coating.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the supporting air stream in air suspension techniques?

<p>To disperse the particulate core material and aid in drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ relies on a rotating extrusion head to coat particles.

<p>centrifugal extrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following coating processes with their characteristics:

<p>Tumbled pan method = Applies coatings in a rotating device Air suspension technique = Uses air stream for dispersion and drying Centrifugal extrusion = Coats droplets using a rotating head Solvent evaporation = Involves dissolving polymer in volatile solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of centrifugal extrusion?

<p>It is suitable only for liquids and semi-liquids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The solvent extraction method involves the use of water-miscible organic solvents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials is the centrifugal extrusion process particularly useful for?

<p>Heat labile substances such as flavors, vitamin-C, and colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to form small polymer droplets containing encapsulated material in a solution?

<p>Emulsion Formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spray congealing uses a hot melt and cold air to achieve solidification of the coating material.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stabilizers mentioned that can be used in the aqueous solution for polymer droplet formation?

<p>Polyvinyl alcohol and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The removal of the organic solvent leads to polymer __________ and formation of microspheres.

<p>precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Solvent Evaporation = Removal of the organic solvent Spray Drying = Dispersing core material in hot air Spray Congealing = Solidification by cooling molten material Polymeric Microparticles = The recovered product after precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using modern spray dryers for viscous solutions?

<p>They can handle high viscosity solutions up to 300mPa. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both spray drying and spray congealing achieve solidification through rapid evaporation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when the volatile organic solvent is removed from the dispersed phase?

<p>Polymeric microparticles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds is spray cooling especially suitable for?

<p>Lipophilic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interfacial polymerization is characterized by wall formation through the rapid polymerization of reactants at the surface of the dispersed core material.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one synthetic fibre produced through interfacial polymerization.

<p>Polyester</p> Signup and view all the answers

In interfacial cross-linking, a small bifunctional monomer is replaced by a _______ polymer.

<p>biosourced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common application of microencapsulation techniques?

<p>Microencapsulation of pesticides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following encapsulation techniques with their characteristics:

<p>Interfacial Polymerization = Rapid polymerization at droplet surfaces Interfacial Cross-Linking = Uses biosourced polymers to form membranes In-situ Polymerization = Polymerization occurs within the core material Matrix Polymerization = Forms microcapsules using a matrix support</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acid chlorides in interfacial polymerization?

<p>They react with compounds containing active hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interfacial cross-linking cannot customize the properties of microcapsules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Microencapsulation

Enclosing a tiny particle of liquid, solid, or gas within a thin, continuous layer of a polymer material.

Microencapsulation Size Range

The size range of microencapsulation products, typically from 1 to 1000 micrometers.

Microencapsulation Manufacturing

A process that uses specialized techniques to create microcapsules with various properties.

Microencapsulated Drug Release

Refers to how the enclosed substance is released from the capsule over time.

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Benefits of Microencapsulation

Microencapsulation improves the stability of sensitive ingredients, masks unpleasant tastes or smells, and allows for targeted drug delivery.

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Coacervation

A technique where a core material is surrounded by a polymer film.

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Spray Drying

A method that uses specialized nozzles to create microcapsules.

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Fluidized Bed Coating

A process where a material is suspended in a solution and then solidified by heat.

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Storage Stability

Protecting the core material from external factors like oxygen, humidity, and light, thereby increasing its shelf life.

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Reduction of Hygroscopicity

Preventing a substance from absorbing moisture, making it less prone to clumping or dissolving.

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Stable Separation of Incompatible Substances

Separating incompatible substances within a formulation, ensuring they don't react or degrade each other.

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Enhancing Flowability

Improving the flow of powder materials during manufacturing, leading to more consistent dosage.

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Converting Liquids to Solids

Converting liquids into solid forms, making them easier to handle and store.

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Altering Drug Release

Modifying the release rate of the active ingredient, allowing for controlled drug delivery.

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Enhancing Solubility and Bioavailability

Increasing the solubility and absorption of the active ingredient in the body.

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Core Material

The core material, usually the active ingredient, that is encapsulated.

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Microcapsule Structure

A core material is surrounded by an inert diffusion barrier that controls the release of the active agent.

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Microsphere Structure

The active ingredient is dispersed or dissolved within an inert polymer matrix.

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Mononuclear Microcapsule

The shell completely encloses the core, forming a single, central core.

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Poly-nuclear Microcapsule

Multiple core particles are contained within a single shell.

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Matrix Microencapsulation

The core material is distributed evenly throughout the shell.

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Pan Coating

A method where a thin layer of coating material is applied to particles in a rotating container.

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Air Suspension Coating (Wüster)

A process that involves dispersing particles in a heated air stream, creating a coating.

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Centrifugal Extrusion

A process that uses high-speed spinning to create microcapsules.

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Spray Drying & Congealing

A method of creating microcapsules where a core material is dissolved or suspended in a melted or polymer solution, then sprayed into a hot or cold environment to solidify the coating.

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Spray Drying: Solidification

The solidified coating is formed by rapid evaporation of the solvent containing the coating material.

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Spray Congealing: Solidification

The solidified coating is achieved by rapidly cooling the molten coating material.

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Spray Drying & Congealing: Core Dispersion

The process where a core material is dispersed in a liquefied coating substance.

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Spray Drying & Congealing: Environmental Condition

The specific environment where the core-coating mixture is introduced for solidification.

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Solvent Evaporation/Solvent Extraction: Dropping Technique

A technique that involves dropping a solution of a material into a stabilizing solution to create microspheres.

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Solvent Evaporation/Solvent Extraction: Removal of the solvent

The organic solvent is removed from the dispersed phase by extraction or evaporation.

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Solvent Evaporation/Solvent Extraction: Formation of Emulsion

This step involves the formation of small polymer droplets containing the encapsulated material, forming an oil-in-water emulsion.

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Air Suspension Technique (Wurster)

This process involves suspending solid particles in a stream of air, spraying them with polymer dissolved in a volatile solvent, and repeating the process until the desired coating thickness is achieved. The air stream also dries the particles.

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Solvent Evaporation/Solvent Extraction

This method involves dissolving the core material and polymer in a volatile solvent that's immiscible with water. Evaporation of the solvent leaves a thin film coating around the core material.

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Interfacial Polymerization

A method of microencapsulation where two reactants, usually an acid chloride and a compound with an active hydrogen atom, meet at an interface and quickly react to form a thin capsule wall.

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Interfacial Cross-Linking

It's a variation of interfacial polymerization where a bio-sourced polymer, like a protein, is used instead of the small bifunctional monomer with active hydrogen atoms. This helps avoid using toxic chemicals.

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Interfacial Polymerization Steps

The reactants that create the capsule wall are dissolved in the core material, which is then dispersed in a different liquid. The reaction happens at the surface of the droplets, forming the capsule wall.

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Interfacial Polymerization Example

Polyesters, polyurethanes, and nylon, used for fibers and fabrics, are made using this method.

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Interfacial Polymerization Mechanism

A method where a core material is dispersed in a liquid. Then, a monomer (reactant) is added to the liquid, causing polymerization to occur rapidly at the surface of the core droplets.

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Wall Formation in Interfacial Polymerization

The process of creating a polymer wall around a core material through the rapid reaction of monomers at the surface.

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Polymerization in Interfacial Polymerization

The process of joining smaller molecules (monomers) together to create larger molecules (polymers). In the case of interfacial polymerization, this happens at the interface between the core and the surrounding liquid.

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Monomer in Interfacial Polymerization

A compound with a special structure that is able to bond with other molecules to form a polymer.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Dosage Form 3, Lecture 8: Microencapsulation

  • Microencapsulation is a process where tiny solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases are coated with a polymeric film.
  • This creates capsules ranging from the micrometer to millimeter scale.
  • This process is used to enhance the properties of substances like drugs, including stability, release patterns, and masking unpleasant tastes or odors.

Learning Objectives

  • Students will gain a complete understanding of the concept, advantages, and types of microencapsulation.
  • Manufacturing processes and release patterns of microencapsulated drugs will be explained.
  • The applications of microencapsulation will be discussed.

Microencapsulation Components

  • Core: The active ingredient, which can be solid or liquid.
  • Coating: A polymeric material that forms a protective layer around the core. Common coating materials include polymers, waxes, resins, proteins, and polysaccharides.
  • Vehicle: The medium used to support the core-coating system, and can include aqueous or non-aqueous solutions.

Core Material Examples

  • Acetaminophen: Used for taste masking in tablets.
  • Potassium chloride: Used to reduce gastric irritation in capsules.
  • Isosorbide dinitrate: Used for sustained drug release in capsules.

Coating Material Properties

  • Coating materials must form a cohesive film around the core material.
  • They should be chemically compatible and non-reactive with the core material.
  • Provide desired properties like strength, flexibility, impermeability, optical properties, and stability.
  • Be soluble in aqueous or organic solvents, and stabilize the core.
  • Control the drug release under specific conditions.

Coating Material Examples

  • Water-soluble resins: Gelatin, gum arabic, starch, PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), CMC (carboxymethylcellulose).
  • Water-insoluble resins: Ethylcellulose, polyethylene, polyamide, silicones.
  • Waxes and lipids: Paraffin, carnauba, spermaceti, beeswax, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearates.
  • Enteric resins: Shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate.

Types of Microencapsulated Products

  • Microcapsules: The active agent is surrounded by an inert diffusion barrier (core-shell structure).
  • Microspheres: The active agent is dispersed or dissolved within an inert polymer (matrix).

Microencapsulation Classification

  • Mononuclear: The core has a single shell.
  • Polynuclear: The core has multiple shells.
  • Matrix type: The core material is homogeneously distributed within the shell material.

Microcapsule Preparation Criteria

  • Ability to incorporate high drug concentrations.
  • Stability after production with a clinically acceptable shelf-life and acceptable shelf life.
  • Controlled particle size and dispersibility in aqueous vehicles.
  • Controlled release of active material over a wide time period.
  • Biocompatibility, biodegradability, and susceptibility to chemical modifications.

Microencapsulation Preparation Techniques

  • Physical methods: Pan coating, air suspension (Wurster), spray drying & congealing, solvent evaporation, centrifugal extrusion, single & double emulsion techniques.
  • Chemical methods: Interfacial polymerization, interfacial cross-linking, in-situ polymerization, matrix polymerization.

Advantages of Microencapsulation

  • Enhanced storage stability (protection against chemical reactions, oxygen, light, humidity).
  • Reduction or control of hygroscopicity.
  • Stable separation of incompatible substances.
  • Improved flowability.
  • Reduction of dust and electrostatic charge for powders.
  • Masking of unpleasant tastes or odors of core material (taste masking).
  • Converting liquids into solids.
  • Altered drug release (Depot effect, targeted and time-delayed).
  • Improved shelf-life due to prevention of degradation.
  • Enhanced patient compliance and improved administration (e.g. better oral administration).
  • Decreased evaporation rate of volatile compounds such as Methyl salicylate.
  • Enhanced solubility, permeability, and bioavailability.

Applications of Microencapsulation

  • Extensive use in industries like pharmaceuticals, food, veterinary medicine, household & personal care, biotechnology, electronics, graphics & printing, photography, textile, chemical industry, and agriculture.

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PHT333-PT311 Pharmaceutical Dosage Form 3 Lecture (8) Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the principles and applications of microencapsulation in pharmaceuticals. This quiz covers the purpose, techniques, advantages, and materials related to microencapsulation in drug delivery systems. Ideal for students and professionals in the pharmaceutical sciences.

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