Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a potential source of contamination in hospitals?
What is a potential source of contamination in hospitals?
- Equipment
- Medicaments
- Nursing staff (correct)
- Environment
Why are airborne contaminants more likely to settle out in products left open to the atmosphere?
Why are airborne contaminants more likely to settle out in products left open to the atmosphere?
- Because they are easily transmissible
- Because they have complex nutritional requirements
- Because they are opportunistic pathogens
- Because they have simple nutritional requirements (correct)
Why should disposable applicators or swabs be used?
Why should disposable applicators or swabs be used?
- Because they are more effective
- Because they reduce the risk of contamination between fresh stocks of product (correct)
- Because they are cheaper
- Because they are more convenient
What can happen to nurses' hands during the course of their work?
What can happen to nurses' hands during the course of their work?
Where is the problem of airborne contaminants settling out in products more likely to occur?
Where is the problem of airborne contaminants settling out in products more likely to occur?
What can happen to equipment used by patient and nursing staff during medicament administration?
What can happen to equipment used by patient and nursing staff during medicament administration?
What is a major source of contamination for multidose products in hospitals?
What is a major source of contamination for multidose products in hospitals?
What is the primary concern related to microbial contamination in pharmaceutical products?
What is the primary concern related to microbial contamination in pharmaceutical products?
What can happen if a multidose product becomes contaminated during use?
What can happen if a multidose product becomes contaminated during use?
What is the purpose of adding ingredients to pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the purpose of adding ingredients to pharmaceutical formulations?
Which type of product is considered most at risk of contamination during use?
Which type of product is considered most at risk of contamination during use?
What can reduce the risk of contamination for topical products?
What can reduce the risk of contamination for topical products?
What is the term used to describe the degradation of pharmaceutical products due to microbial contamination?
What is the term used to describe the degradation of pharmaceutical products due to microbial contamination?
What is the main objective of controlling microbial contamination in pharmaceutical products?
What is the main objective of controlling microbial contamination in pharmaceutical products?
What type of product is often packed in large stock-pots and used in the treatment of bed-sores patients?
What type of product is often packed in large stock-pots and used in the treatment of bed-sores patients?
What is a common microorganism that can contaminate multidose products during use?
What is a common microorganism that can contaminate multidose products during use?
What is the role of preservatives in pharmaceutical products?
What is the role of preservatives in pharmaceutical products?
What is the importance of evaluating the efficiency of preservatives in pharmaceutical products?
What is the importance of evaluating the efficiency of preservatives in pharmaceutical products?
Why are multidose products more susceptible to contamination?
Why are multidose products more susceptible to contamination?
What can happen to a patient if they use a contaminated multidose product?
What can happen to a patient if they use a contaminated multidose product?
What is the potential consequence of endotoxins entering the bloodstream via contaminated infusion fluids?
What is the potential consequence of endotoxins entering the bloodstream via contaminated infusion fluids?
Where should quality be focused in the manufacture process?
Where should quality be focused in the manufacture process?
What is a common source of contamination in pharmaceutical products?
What is a common source of contamination in pharmaceutical products?
How should water be treated for pharmaceutical manufacture?
How should water be treated for pharmaceutical manufacture?
What is the ideal storage temperature for water used in pharmaceutical manufacture?
What is the ideal storage temperature for water used in pharmaceutical manufacture?
What type of pathogens can be found in wet sites, such as drains and sinks?
What type of pathogens can be found in wet sites, such as drains and sinks?
What can be responsible for distributing free-living opportunist pathogens?
What can be responsible for distributing free-living opportunist pathogens?
Why is packaging in hospitals frequently re-used?
Why is packaging in hospitals frequently re-used?
What is a potential consequence of using a wide variety of ingredients in a complex physical state in the formulation of a medicine?
What is a potential consequence of using a wide variety of ingredients in a complex physical state in the formulation of a medicine?
What is a characteristic of a medicine that is microbiologically spoiled?
What is a characteristic of a medicine that is microbiologically spoiled?
What is required for microorganisms to produce degradative spoilage in products?
What is required for microorganisms to produce degradative spoilage in products?
What is a result of microbial growth in a pharmaceutical product?
What is a result of microbial growth in a pharmaceutical product?
Why is the formulation of a medicine important in preventing microbial spoilage?
Why is the formulation of a medicine important in preventing microbial spoilage?
What is a type of microorganism that can be present in a microbiologically spoiled product?
What is a type of microorganism that can be present in a microbiologically spoiled product?
Study Notes
Sources of Contamination
- Quality must be built into the product at all stages of the manufacture process and not simply assessed at its end.
- Sources of contamination can occur in manufacture and in use.
- Water used in pharmaceutical manufacture requires treatment, usually by distillation, reverse osmosis or deionization, and should be stored at a temperature above 80°C.
- Free-living opportunist pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can be found in all wet sites, such as drains, sinks, and taps.
- Cleaning equipment, such as mops, buckets, cloths, and scrubbing machines, can distribute these organisms.
- Reused packaging in hospitals can introduce microbial contaminants.
- Human sources of contamination include:
- Patient's own microbial flora during normal usage.
- Nursing staff in hospitals who can contaminate products during administration.
- Environmental sources of contamination include:
- Airborne contaminants that can settle out in products left open to the atmosphere.
- Warm storage conditions that can facilitate contamination.
- Equipment sources of contamination include:
- Reused applicators, such as sponges, brushes, and spatulas, that can become contaminated and transfer contaminants to fresh products.
Microbial Spoilage of Pharmaceutical Products
- Microbial spoilage can occur due to:
- Low levels of acutely pathogenic microorganisms.
- High levels of opportunist pathogens.
- Toxic microbial metabolites.
- Microbial growth resulting in physical or chemical deterioration of the product.
- The ability of microorganisms to produce degradative spoilage in products depends on their ability to synthesize appropriate enzymes, which varies from one species to another.
Contamination Control and Preservation
- To be discussed in further lectures.
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Description
This quiz covers the principles of sources of contamination and methods to control microbial contamination in pharmaceutical microbiology.
