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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a pharmaceutical dosage form mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a pharmaceutical dosage form mentioned?
Granules are larger particles than powders, typically measuring 2-4 mm.
Granules are larger particles than powders, typically measuring 2-4 mm.
True
What is the primary reason powders might be preferred for some patients?
What is the primary reason powders might be preferred for some patients?
Easier to swallow
Pharmaceutical powder is a mixture of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals in a dry form that may be intended for ______ use.
Pharmaceutical powder is a mixture of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals in a dry form that may be intended for ______ use.
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Match the following pharmaceutical dosage forms with their types:
Match the following pharmaceutical dosage forms with their types:
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Which of the following advantage(s) does using powders provide?
Which of the following advantage(s) does using powders provide?
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What is the primary purpose of dusting powders?
What is the primary purpose of dusting powders?
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Powder dosage forms are only used for internal applications.
Powder dosage forms are only used for internal applications.
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Dusting powders can be applied to broken skin without any concerns.
Dusting powders can be applied to broken skin without any concerns.
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Name one type of liquid pharmaceutical dosage form.
Name one type of liquid pharmaceutical dosage form.
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Name one characteristic that dusting powders should possess.
Name one characteristic that dusting powders should possess.
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Which powder type is specifically mentioned as needing sterilization due to contamination risk?
Which powder type is specifically mentioned as needing sterilization due to contamination risk?
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Match the following powder types to their intended uses:
Match the following powder types to their intended uses:
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Dusting powders often contain substances like zinc oxide, starch, and __________.
Dusting powders often contain substances like zinc oxide, starch, and __________.
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Fine subdivision of powders is a requirement for their proper effectiveness.
Fine subdivision of powders is a requirement for their proper effectiveness.
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What type of containers are recommended for dispensing dusting powders?
What type of containers are recommended for dispensing dusting powders?
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Which of the following is a common use for douche powders?
Which of the following is a common use for douche powders?
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Dental powders commonly include sugars to enhance taste.
Dental powders commonly include sugars to enhance taste.
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What is the primary base used in dental powder formulations?
What is the primary base used in dental powder formulations?
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Packaging of dental powders is preferred in wide-mouth jars or bottles.
Packaging of dental powders is preferred in wide-mouth jars or bottles.
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What characteristic is important for powders used in insufflations?
What characteristic is important for powders used in insufflations?
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Match the type of powder with its intended use:
Match the type of powder with its intended use:
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Insufflations are a class of powders meant for application to body cavities such as the ear, nose, and _______.
Insufflations are a class of powders meant for application to body cavities such as the ear, nose, and _______.
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What method is suggested to ensure uniform distribution of essential oils in dental powders?
What method is suggested to ensure uniform distribution of essential oils in dental powders?
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What is the primary purpose of insufflations?
What is the primary purpose of insufflations?
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Name one example of a substance that is commonly found in bulk powders for internal use.
Name one example of a substance that is commonly found in bulk powders for internal use.
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Snuffs are used for decongestion and come in liquid form.
Snuffs are used for decongestion and come in liquid form.
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Powders for reconstitution are often used to protect drugs against __________.
Powders for reconstitution are often used to protect drugs against __________.
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Match the following types of powders with their descriptions:
Match the following types of powders with their descriptions:
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Which type of powder is prepared in a dry form and has a short shelf life after reconstitution?
Which type of powder is prepared in a dry form and has a short shelf life after reconstitution?
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Modern packaging materials of oil and plastic laminates are commonly used for powders instead of traditional paper wrapping.
Modern packaging materials of oil and plastic laminates are commonly used for powders instead of traditional paper wrapping.
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Particles used in dermal ointments should be gritty.
Particles used in dermal ointments should be gritty.
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What is essential for a drug in a powder mixture or tablet preparation?
What is essential for a drug in a powder mixture or tablet preparation?
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Medicines that are unstable in solution and must be used immediately are classified as __________ powders.
Medicines that are unstable in solution and must be used immediately are classified as __________ powders.
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What is the importance of penetrability in intra-respiratory applications?
What is the importance of penetrability in intra-respiratory applications?
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In microscopy, the resolution limit by light microscopy is _____ μm.
In microscopy, the resolution limit by light microscopy is _____ μm.
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Which particle size range is important for effective penetrability within the respiratory tract?
Which particle size range is important for effective penetrability within the respiratory tract?
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Match the following particle size analysis methods with their descriptions:
Match the following particle size analysis methods with their descriptions:
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The acceleration of gravity in Stokes' Law is represented by the letter _____.
The acceleration of gravity in Stokes' Law is represented by the letter _____.
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Stokes' Law applies to non-spherical particles.
Stokes' Law applies to non-spherical particles.
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
- Pharmaceutical dosage forms are composed of several components:
- API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient): The drug responsible for the therapeutic effect.
- Excipients: Non-medicinal components that help in processing, stability, and administration of the drug.
- Additives: Substances added to enhance properties like taste, color, or stability.
- Container: The container for holding the dosage form.
- Package insert: Provides information on the dosage form, use, and precautions.
- Label: Identifies the product and its contents.
Types of Dosage Forms
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Solid Dosage Forms:
- Powders: Finely divided drugs for internal or external use.
- Granules: Larger particles formed by aggregating powders, used directly or for making tablets and capsules.
- Capsules: Solid shells containing powdered or granular drug, for oral administration.
- Tablets: Compressed solid dosage forms, often containing excipients, for oral administration.
- Implants: Solid dosage forms for slow release of drug over extended periods.
- Suppositories: Solid dosage forms designed to melt or dissolve in body cavities, like rectum or vagina.
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Semisolid Dosage Forms:
- Ointment: Semisolid preparations for external application, containing drugs dissolved or dispersed in a base.
- Creams: Semisolid preparations of similar consistency to ointment, but typically water-based.
- Gels: Semisolid preparations containing drug dispersed in a gel matrix.
- Paste: Thick, semisolid preparations containing high concentration of solids, for external application.
- Poultice: Semisolid preparations applied externally to draw out inflammation or infection.
- Plasters: Semisolid preparations applied to the skin to deliver medication or provide support.
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Liquid Dosage Forms:
- Colloids: Mixtures of two substances, where one is dispersed throughout the other.
- Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of drug dissolved in a solvent.
- Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures of drug dispersed in a liquid, requiring shaking before use.
- Emulsions: Heterogeneous mixtures of two immiscible liquids, requiring stabilization.
- Powders for making solutions or suspensions: Dry forms reconstituted with water before use.
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Gaseous Dosage Forms:
- Aerosols: Gaseous forms containing medicinal agents, dispensed as a fine mist.
- Pure gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, etc., used therapeutically.
Pharmaceutical Powder
- A mixture of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals in a dry form.
- Classified by British Pharmacopeia (BP) based on particle size: 1.25 µm to 1.7 mm.
- Granules are larger particles (2-4 mm) prepared from powders, offering better flowability.
Advantages of Powders
- Soluble, stable, and microbial-resistant formulation for drugs that are otherwise unstable (e.g., crude vegetable drugs, antibiotics).
- Convenient for administering bulky drugs with large doses (e.g., for indigestion, constipation, diarrhea).
- Alternative for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets and capsules (e.g., children, elderly).
- Faster absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
- Allowing for mixing of ingredients before administration (ensuring uniform distribution of powdered drugs in the container).
Classification of Powders by Dispensing Method
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Bulk Powders for External Use:
- Dusting powders: Contain zinc oxide, starch, boric acid, or natural minerals like kaolin or talc.
- Douche powders: Antiseptics or cleansing agents for body cavities (e.g., vaginal, nasal, otic, ophthalmic).
- Dental powders: Dentifrices for cleaning teeth, containing detergents, abrasives, antiseptics, coloring, and flavoring agents.
- Insufflations: Powders applied to body cavities through an insufflator (e.g., ear, nose, vagina).
- Snuffs: Finely divided powders inhaled through the nostrils for decongestion, antiseptic, and bronchodilator effects.
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Bulk Powders for Internal Use: Contain many doses in a container, suitable for removing powder using a teaspoon (e.g., antacids, laxatives, purgatives).
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Simple and Compound Powders for Internal Use: Similar to bulk powders, but individual doses are separately wrapped.
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Powders for Reconstitution: Bulk powders reconstituted with water before use to protect drugs against hydrolysis or enhance stability (e.g., oral antibiotics, powders for injection).
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Effervescent Granules: Contain ingredients that produce carbon dioxide upon addition of water, used for effervescent drinks or tablets.
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Cachets: Concave, wafer-shaped shells containing drug, designed for easy swallowing.
Packaging & Dispensing of Powders
- Dusting powders: Dispensation in sifter-top containers, offering protection from air, moisture, and contamination.
- Douche powders: Dispensation in sachets or wide-mouth glass bottles.
- Dental powders: Dispensation in wide-mouth jars or bottles.
- Insufflations: Packaging in pressurized form (aerosols) for convenient delivery.
- Snuffs: Dispensation in flat metal boxes with hinged lids.
- Bulk powders for internal use: Wide-mouth container suitable for using a teaspoon.
- Simple and compound powders: Individually wrapped in folded papers, envelopes, metal foil, or heat-sealed plastic bags.
Particle Size Analysis
- Sieving: Using a series of screens with sequentially smaller apertures to separate powders by size.
- Microscopy: Observing particles under a microscope using a calibrated grid background.
- Sedimentation Rate: Determining particle size based on settling velocity in a liquid medium.
- Coulter Counter: Measuring the volume distribution of particles suspended in an electrolyte solution as they interrupt an electric current.
Stokes' Law
- Used to calculate particle size from the terminal settling velocity in a fluid.
- V = 2/9(gr2)(d1-d2)/µ
- V = velocity of fall (cm/sec)
- g = acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2)
- r = "equivalent" radius of particle
- d1 = density of particle (g/cm3)
- d2 = density of medium (g/cm3)
- µ = viscosity of medium (g/cm-sec)
Other Considerations in Powder Formulation
- Uniform Distribution: Essential for consistent drug delivery.
- Penetrability: Crucial for intra-respiratory applications to ensure drug reaches the desired location in the respiratory tract.
- Non-gritiness: Important for dermal ointments, creams, and ophthalmic preparations to avoid irritation.
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Description
Explore the essential components and types of pharmaceutical dosage forms in this quiz. Understand the roles of active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and additives, along with various solid dosage forms such as powders, capsules, and tablets. Test your knowledge and learn more about the formulation and packaging of drugs.
