Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Overview
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a pharmaceutical dosage form mentioned?

  • Capsules
  • Ointment
  • Tincture (correct)
  • Tablets

    • Granules are larger particles than powders, typically measuring 2-4 mm.

    True

    What is the primary reason powders might be preferred for some patients?

    Easier to swallow

    Pharmaceutical powder is a mixture of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals in a dry form that may be intended for ______ use.

    <p>internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmaceutical dosage forms with their types:

    <p>Powders = Internal or external use Granules = Prepared aggregates of powders Ointments = Semisolid dosage form Aerosols = Gaseous dosage form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following advantage(s) does using powders provide?

    <p>Increased solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of dusting powders?

    <p>For local application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Powder dosage forms are only used for internal applications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dusting powders can be applied to broken skin without any concerns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of liquid pharmaceutical dosage form.

    <p>Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic that dusting powders should possess.

    <p>Homogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which powder type is specifically mentioned as needing sterilization due to contamination risk?

    <p>Talc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following powder types to their intended uses:

    <p>Dusting powders = External local application Powder for injection = Internal systemic use Effervescent granules = Oral consumption Snuffs = Nasal application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dusting powders often contain substances like zinc oxide, starch, and __________.

    <p>boric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fine subdivision of powders is a requirement for their proper effectiveness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of containers are recommended for dispensing dusting powders?

    <p>Sifter-top containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common use for douche powders?

    <p>Cleansing body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dental powders commonly include sugars to enhance taste.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary base used in dental powder formulations?

    <p>Calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Packaging of dental powders is preferred in wide-mouth jars or bottles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is important for powders used in insufflations?

    <p>Extremely fine texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of powder with its intended use:

    <p>Douche powder = Antiseptic for body cavities Dental powder = Cleaning teeth Insufflation = Application to nasal and ear cavities Diffusible powder = Used in herbal applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insufflations are a class of powders meant for application to body cavities such as the ear, nose, and _______.

    <p>vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is suggested to ensure uniform distribution of essential oils in dental powders?

    <p>Trituration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of insufflations?

    <p>To deliver medication in a pressurized form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a substance that is commonly found in bulk powders for internal use.

    <p>Antacid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Snuffs are used for decongestion and come in liquid form.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Powders for reconstitution are often used to protect drugs against __________.

    <p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of powders with their descriptions:

    <p>Bulk powders = Contain many doses in a wide-mouth container Simple powders = Individually wrapped single doses Powders for injection = Sterile powders requiring reconstitution before use Insufflations = Pressurized forms for inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of powder is prepared in a dry form and has a short shelf life after reconstitution?

    <p>Oral antibiotic powders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modern packaging materials of oil and plastic laminates are commonly used for powders instead of traditional paper wrapping.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Particles used in dermal ointments should be gritty.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for a drug in a powder mixture or tablet preparation?

    <p>Uniform distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medicines that are unstable in solution and must be used immediately are classified as __________ powders.

    <p>sterile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of penetrability in intra-respiratory applications?

    <p>To allow inhaled particles to reach a desired location within the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In microscopy, the resolution limit by light microscopy is _____ μm.

    <p>0.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particle size range is important for effective penetrability within the respiratory tract?

    <p>1–5 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following particle size analysis methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Sieving = Involves a mechanical shaker with screens Microscopy = Uses a calibrated grid background Sedimentation Rate = Determined by terminal settling velocity Coulter Counter = Measures volume distribution using electric current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acceleration of gravity in Stokes' Law is represented by the letter _____.

    <p>g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stokes' Law applies to non-spherical particles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

    • Pharmaceutical dosage forms are composed of several components:
      • API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient): The drug responsible for the therapeutic effect.
      • Excipients: Non-medicinal components that help in processing, stability, and administration of the drug.
      • Additives: Substances added to enhance properties like taste, color, or stability.
      • Container: The container for holding the dosage form.
      • Package insert: Provides information on the dosage form, use, and precautions.
      • Label: Identifies the product and its contents.

    Types of Dosage Forms

    • Solid Dosage Forms:

      • Powders: Finely divided drugs for internal or external use.
      • Granules: Larger particles formed by aggregating powders, used directly or for making tablets and capsules.
      • Capsules: Solid shells containing powdered or granular drug, for oral administration.
      • Tablets: Compressed solid dosage forms, often containing excipients, for oral administration.
      • Implants: Solid dosage forms for slow release of drug over extended periods.
      • Suppositories: Solid dosage forms designed to melt or dissolve in body cavities, like rectum or vagina.

    • Semisolid Dosage Forms:

      • Ointment: Semisolid preparations for external application, containing drugs dissolved or dispersed in a base.
      • Creams: Semisolid preparations of similar consistency to ointment, but typically water-based.
      • Gels: Semisolid preparations containing drug dispersed in a gel matrix.
      • Paste: Thick, semisolid preparations containing high concentration of solids, for external application.
      • Poultice: Semisolid preparations applied externally to draw out inflammation or infection.
      • Plasters: Semisolid preparations applied to the skin to deliver medication or provide support.

    • Liquid Dosage Forms:

      • Colloids: Mixtures of two substances, where one is dispersed throughout the other.
      • Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of drug dissolved in a solvent.
      • Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures of drug dispersed in a liquid, requiring shaking before use.
      • Emulsions: Heterogeneous mixtures of two immiscible liquids, requiring stabilization.
      • Powders for making solutions or suspensions: Dry forms reconstituted with water before use.

    • Gaseous Dosage Forms:

      • Aerosols: Gaseous forms containing medicinal agents, dispensed as a fine mist.
      • Pure gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, etc., used therapeutically.

    Pharmaceutical Powder

    • A mixture of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals in a dry form.
    • Classified by British Pharmacopeia (BP) based on particle size: 1.25 µm to 1.7 mm.
    • Granules are larger particles (2-4 mm) prepared from powders, offering better flowability.

    Advantages of Powders

    • Soluble, stable, and microbial-resistant formulation for drugs that are otherwise unstable (e.g., crude vegetable drugs, antibiotics).
    • Convenient for administering bulky drugs with large doses (e.g., for indigestion, constipation, diarrhea).
    • Alternative for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets and capsules (e.g., children, elderly).
    • Faster absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
    • Allowing for mixing of ingredients before administration (ensuring uniform distribution of powdered drugs in the container).

    Classification of Powders by Dispensing Method

    • Bulk Powders for External Use:

      • Dusting powders: Contain zinc oxide, starch, boric acid, or natural minerals like kaolin or talc.
      • Douche powders: Antiseptics or cleansing agents for body cavities (e.g., vaginal, nasal, otic, ophthalmic).
      • Dental powders: Dentifrices for cleaning teeth, containing detergents, abrasives, antiseptics, coloring, and flavoring agents.
      • Insufflations: Powders applied to body cavities through an insufflator (e.g., ear, nose, vagina).
      • Snuffs: Finely divided powders inhaled through the nostrils for decongestion, antiseptic, and bronchodilator effects.

    • Bulk Powders for Internal Use: Contain many doses in a container, suitable for removing powder using a teaspoon (e.g., antacids, laxatives, purgatives).

    • Simple and Compound Powders for Internal Use: Similar to bulk powders, but individual doses are separately wrapped.

    • Powders for Reconstitution: Bulk powders reconstituted with water before use to protect drugs against hydrolysis or enhance stability (e.g., oral antibiotics, powders for injection).

    • Effervescent Granules: Contain ingredients that produce carbon dioxide upon addition of water, used for effervescent drinks or tablets.

    • Cachets: Concave, wafer-shaped shells containing drug, designed for easy swallowing.

    Packaging & Dispensing of Powders

    • Dusting powders: Dispensation in sifter-top containers, offering protection from air, moisture, and contamination.
    • Douche powders: Dispensation in sachets or wide-mouth glass bottles.
    • Dental powders: Dispensation in wide-mouth jars or bottles.
    • Insufflations: Packaging in pressurized form (aerosols) for convenient delivery.
    • Snuffs: Dispensation in flat metal boxes with hinged lids.
    • Bulk powders for internal use: Wide-mouth container suitable for using a teaspoon.
    • Simple and compound powders: Individually wrapped in folded papers, envelopes, metal foil, or heat-sealed plastic bags.

    Particle Size Analysis

    • Sieving: Using a series of screens with sequentially smaller apertures to separate powders by size.
    • Microscopy: Observing particles under a microscope using a calibrated grid background.
    • Sedimentation Rate: Determining particle size based on settling velocity in a liquid medium.
    • Coulter Counter: Measuring the volume distribution of particles suspended in an electrolyte solution as they interrupt an electric current.

    Stokes' Law

    • Used to calculate particle size from the terminal settling velocity in a fluid.
    • V = 2/9(gr2)(d1-d2)/µ
      • V = velocity of fall (cm/sec)
      • g = acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2)
      • r = "equivalent" radius of particle
      • d1 = density of particle (g/cm3)
      • d2 = density of medium (g/cm3)
      • µ = viscosity of medium (g/cm-sec)

    Other Considerations in Powder Formulation

    • Uniform Distribution: Essential for consistent drug delivery.
    • Penetrability: Crucial for intra-respiratory applications to ensure drug reaches the desired location in the respiratory tract.
    • Non-gritiness: Important for dermal ointments, creams, and ophthalmic preparations to avoid irritation.

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    Description

    Explore the essential components and types of pharmaceutical dosage forms in this quiz. Understand the roles of active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and additives, along with various solid dosage forms such as powders, capsules, and tablets. Test your knowledge and learn more about the formulation and packaging of drugs.

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