Pharmaceutical Chemistry Notes

• These notes cover Pharmaceutical Chemistry topics, organized by chapter and including key drugs and concepts.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry

• The scope and objectives of pharmaceutical chemistry are examined
• Sources and types of errors in pharmaceutical analysis are discussed, including accuracy, precision, and significant figures
• Impurities in pharmaceuticals are examined: their sources, effects in pharmacopoeial substances, and the importance of limit tests
• Limit tests for chlorides, sulfates, iron, heavy metals and arsenic are covered

Chapter 2: Volumetric and Gravimetric Analysis

• Volumetric analysis fundamentals, including acid-base, non-aqueous, precipitation, complexometric, and redox titrations, are examined
• Gravimetric analysis principle and method are covered.

Chapter 3: Inorganic Pharmaceuticals

• Focus is on pharmaceutical formulations, market preparations, storage conditions, and uses

Haematinics

• Ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, ferric ammonium citrate, ferrous ascorbate, and carbonyl iron are noted

Gastro-intestinal Agents

• Antacids like aluminum hydroxide gel, magnesium hydroxide, magaldrate, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium carbonate are listed
• Acidifying agents, adsorbents, protectives, and cathartics are included

Topical Agents

• Silver nitrate, ionic silver, chlorhexidine gluconate, hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, bleaching powder, and potassium permanganate are listed

Dental Products

• Calcium carbonate, sodium fluoride, denture cleaners, denture adhesives, and mouth washes are mentioned

Medicinal Gases

• Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and oxygen are listed

Chapter 4: Nomenclature of Organic Chemical Systems

• Introduction to the nomenclature of organic chemical systems, particularly heterocyclic compounds with up to three rings
• Study of medicinal compounds by classification, chemical name, structure, uses, stability, storage, formulations, and brand names

Chapter 5: Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System

Anaesthetics

• Thiopental Sodium*, Ketamine Hydrochloride*, Propofol

Sedatives and Hypnotics

• Diazepam*, Alprazolam*, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbital*

Antipsychotics

• Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride*, Haloperidol*, Risperidone*, Sulpiride*, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone

Anticonvulsants

• Phenytoin*, Carbamazepine*, Clonazepam, Valproic Acid*, Gabapentin*, Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine

Anti-Depressants

• Amitriptyline Hydrochloride*, Imipramine Hydrochloride*, Fluoxetine*, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine

Chapter 6: Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathomimetic Agents

• Direct-acting agents: Norepinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline
• Indirect-acting agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine
• Agents with mixed mechanisms: Ephedrine, Metaraminol

Adrenergic Antagonists

• Alpha-adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin
• Beta-adrenergic blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol*, Carvedilol

Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents

• Direct-acting agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, Pilocarpine
• Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate lodide

Cholinergic Blocking Agents

• Atropine Sulphate*, Ipratropium Bromide

Synthetic Cholinergic Blocking Agents

• Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride, Clidinium Bromide, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride*

Chapter 7: Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System

Anti-Arrhythmic

• Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone, Sotalol

Anti-Hypertensive Agents

• Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate Hydrochloride, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine

Antianginal Agents

• Isosorbide Dinitrate

Chapter 8: Diuretics

• Acetazolamide, Frusemide*, Bumetanide, Chlorthalidone, Benzthiazide, Metolazone, Xipamide, Spironolactone

Chapter 9: Hypoglycemic Agents

• Insulin and its preparations, Metformin*, Glibenclamide*, Glimepiride, Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Gliflozins, Gliptins

Chapter 10: Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

• Focus on Morphine analogues and Narcotic antagonists

Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

• Aspirin*, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen*, Piroxicam, Celecoxib, Mefenamic Acid, Paracetamol*, Aceclofenac

Chapter 11: Anti-Infective Agents

Antifungal Agents:

• Amphotericin-B, Griseofulvin, Miconazole, Ketoconazole*, Itraconazole, Fluconazole*, Naftifine Hydrochloride

Chapter 12: Urinary Tract and Anti-Tubercular Agents

Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents

• Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin*, Moxifloxacin

Anti-Tubercular Agents

• INH*, Ethambutol, Para Amino Salicylic Acid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Pretomanid*

Antiviral Agents

• Amantadine Hydrochloride, Idoxuridine, Acyclovir*, Foscarnet, Zidovudine, Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Favipiravir

Antimalarials

• Quinine Sulphate, Chloroquine Phosphate*, Primaquine Phosphate, Mefloquine*, Cycloguanil, Pyrimethamine, Artemisinin

Sulfonamides

• Sulfanilamide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfacetamide*, Mafenide Acetate, Cotrimoxazole, Dapsone*

Antibiotics

• Penicillin G, Amoxicillin*, Cloxacillin, Streptomycin
• Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Minocycline
• Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin
• Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol*, Clindamycin

Chapter 13: Anti-Neoplastic Agents

• Cyclophosphamide*, Busulfan, Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil*, Methotrexate, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Vinblastine Sulphate, Cisplatin*, Dromostanolone Propionate