Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Regenerative Medicine
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of regenerative medicine?

  • To regrow, repair, or replace damaged or diseased cells, organs, or tissues. (correct)
  • To create new pharmaceutical drugs.
  • To prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
  • To develop methods for the diagnosis of diseases.

Which of the following is NOT considered a level of regeneration in humans, as described in the content?

  • Molecular
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Systemic (correct)

What does 'autologous transplantation' refer to?

  • Transplantation where the donor and recipient are the same individual. (correct)
  • Transplantation between different species.
  • Transplantation involving organs from deceased donors.
  • Transplantation within the same family.

Which of these is an example of a tissue-engineered product?

<p>Carticel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Apligraf used for, according to the text?

<p>A skin substitute for certain ulcers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of tissue- or cell-engineered products?

<p>They consist of fully differentiated cells that undergo modification in vitro. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the best definition of allogeneic transplantation?

<p>A transplant where the donor and the recipient are different individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which level of cellular structure does tissue regeneration occur?

<p>All of the above are correct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of stem cells?

<p>The ability to directly induce an immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of stem cell therapy?

<p>To repair damaged cells by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are embryonic stem cells classified in terms of their differentiation capability?

<p>Pluripotent, because they can differentiate into all cell types of the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which specific structure are embryonic stem cells derived?

<p>Inner cell mass of the blastocyst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using pronase in the isolation of embryonic stem cells?

<p>To degrade the zona pellucida. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the 'feeder' cells play in the culture of embryonic stem cells?

<p>They are used to promote undiffertiated cell multiplication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of treating blastocysts with anti-human whole serum antibody and guinea pig complement?

<p>To trigger complement-mediated lysis of the trophoblast. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions has not been studied in the context of stem cell therapy?

<p>Type 1 Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a feeder layer in embryonic stem cell culture?

<p>To provide a suitable surface and nutrients to support stem cell growth and division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are feeder layers considered a complication in downstream processing of stem cells for therapeutic purposes?

<p>They are difficult to remove, and represent a potential source of pathogenic contaminants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a listed replacement for the feeder layer in stem cell cultures?

<p>Laminin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of serum in basic animal cell culture media?

<p>To serve as a nutrient source for cell growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of LIF (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) in mouse embryonic stem cell culture?

<p>It sustains the undifferentiated state of the stem cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major hurdle in the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine?

<p>The controlled differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the main factor that controls stem cell differentiation?

<p>Concerted signals from effector molecules such as cytokines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial area of research for advancing regenerative medicine using stem cells?

<p>Understanding how to control and drive stem cell differentiation into specific cell types. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adult stem cells in the body?

<p>To maintain and repair tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT used to generate dopaminergic-like neurons from stem cells?

<p>Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in using adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes?

<p>Difficulty in identifying and isolating them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tissue where adult stem cells have been found?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of dopaminergic-like neurons in treating Parkinson's disease represents what?

<p>A potential advancement in regenerative medicine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

<p>Adult stem cells can only differentiate into specific cell types, while iPSCs can become any cell type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of administering stem cell therapy?

<p>Intravenous (IV) injection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intramuscular' injection refer to?

<p>Injection into a muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Regenerative Medicine?

A branch of medicine focused on developing methods to repair or replace damaged or diseased cells, organs, and tissues.

What are Cell Therapy, Gene Therapy, and Therapeutic Tissue Engineering?

Regenerative medicine therapies that involve introducing cells, genes, or engineered tissues to treat or cure diseases.

What is Transplantation?

The process of transferring living cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient.

What is Autologous Transplantation?

A type of transplantation where the donor and recipient are the same person.

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What is Allogeneic Transplantation?

A type of transplantation where the donor and recipient are different individuals.

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What is Autologous Transplantation?

Transplantation where the donor and recipient are the same individual.

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What is Allogeneic Transplantation?

A type of transplantation where the donor and recipient are different individuals.

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What are Tissue- or Cell-Engineered Products?

Products composed of fully differentiated cells but modified or formulated in a lab before medical use.

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What are stem cells?

Cells that haven't specialized yet, capable of becoming different types of cells and making copies of themselves.

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What is stem cell therapy used for?

Stem cells are used to repair damaged cells by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune system.

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What are embryonic stem cells?

Stem cells derived from a pre-implantation stage human embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage.

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What is a blastocyst?

A thin-walled hollow structure containing a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass, which gives rise to the embryo.

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What does 'pluripotent' mean in relation to embryonic stem cells?

The ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into all different types of cells in the body.

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What is pronase used for in embryonic stem cell research?

A cocktail of proteolytic enzymes used to degrade the outer protective membrane of the blastocyst, known as the zona pellucida.

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What are 'feeder' cells used for in embryonic stem cell culture?

Cells that are irradiated to prevent their growth and division, used as a support layer for growing embryonic stem cells.

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What are 'defined conditions' in embryonic stem cell culture?

Conditions that are used to encourage the multiplication of embryonic stem cells while keeping them undifferentiated.

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Feeder layer

A layer of cells supporting embryonic stem cell growth and division.

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Fibronectin

A glycoprotein used to replace feeder layers in stem cell culture.

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Matrigel

A protein-rich extract from a mouse sarcoma cell line used to replace feeder layers in stem cell culture.

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Undifferentiated state

The state of a stem cell before it specializes into a specific cell type.

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LIF (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor)

A cytokine that helps maintain some stem cells (like mouse embryonic stem cells) in an undifferentiated state.

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Differentiation

The process where a stem cell becomes a specific cell type (e.g., neuron, muscle cell).

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Effector molecules

Molecules released from the environment to influence cell differentiation.

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Regenerative medicine

The ability to control the differentiation of stem cells to generate desired cell types for medical purposes.

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What is the importance of dopaminergic-like neurons in regenerative medicine?

Dopaminergic-like neurons are a significant advancement in regenerative medicine aiming to treat Parkinson's disease.

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What are adult stem cells?

Adult stem cells (ASCs) are found in various tissues throughout the body, capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types of the tissue they reside in.

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Where are adult stem cells found in the body?

ASCs can be found in tissues that need constant replenishment, such as blood, skin, and gut, and even in less regenerative organs like the brain.

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Why are adult stem cells difficult to study in a lab?

ASCs are typically found in small numbers within each tissue, making them difficult to isolate, grow, and study in a lab setting.

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What are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs ) can be created by reprogramming adult cells to revert back to an embryonic-like state.

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Why are iPSCs significant in regenerative medicine?

iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body, making them a promising tool for regenerative medicine.

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How are stem cells administered in therapy?

Stem cell therapy can be administered intravenously, intrathecally (into the spinal canal), or directly into affected areas, such as joints.

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What is the potential of stem cell therapy?

Stem cell therapy holds the potential to treat various diseases by replacing damaged or diseased cells with healthy ones.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Regenerative Medicine

  • Regenerative medicine is the branch of medicine that develops methods to regrow, repair, or replace damaged cells, organs, or tissues.
  • Regenerative medicine therapy includes cell therapy, gene therapy, and therapeutic tissue engineering.
  • This approach is highly promising for treating previously incurable diseases such as cancer.

Approaches to Regeneration (Humans)

  • Regeneration happens at 3 molecular levels:
    • Molecular: This includes small molecules (DNA, fats, carbohydrates).
    • Cellular: Structures like neurons and axons responsible for cell growth and reproduction.
    • Tissue: Blood, skin, bone, and muscle tissue.
  • Fully differentiated cells (like organs, tissues) are commonly used in routine medical practice, including transplantation.
  • Engineered cell-based products are also used in some cases.

Transplantation

  • Transplantation is the transfer of living cells, tissue, or organs from a donor to a recipient.
  • Autologous transplantation: Donor and recipient are the same individual (e.g., skin grafts).
  • Allogeneic transplantation: Donor and recipient are different individuals.
  • Common transplants include whole blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, and using organs like kidneys, liver, pancreas, lungs, and heart.
  • Tissue or organ transplants are not generally considered as pharmaceutical products.

Tissue- or Cell-Engineered Products

  • Tissue-engineered products are a subset of cell-based products.
  • These products are usually fully differentiated cells, but are often modified or formulated in a laboratory setting (in vitro) before medical use.
  • Examples include:
    • Carticel: A skin substitute for treating ulcers, composed of keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
    • Apligraf: Another skin substitute using similar components.

Stem Cells

  • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialized cells.
  • Key properties: Self-renewal (making copies) and differentiation (creating different cell types like neurons, liver cells, and blood cells).
  • Stem cells have the potential to divide and generate all different types of cells in the body..
  • Stem cell types include embryonic and adult stem cells.

Stem Cell Therapy

  • Stem cell therapy is a form of regenerative medicine designed to repair damaged cells by reducing inflammation and regulating the immune system.
  • Stem cell therapies have been used in a wide range of conditions: autoimmune, inflammatory, neurological, and traumatic injuries including Crohn's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Lupus, COPD, Parkinson's, ALS, and Strokes.
  • Stem cells are classified by their source: Embryonic or adult.

Embryonic Stem Cells

  • Derived from pre-implantation-stage embryos (usually blastocysts).
  • Blastocyst is a hollow structure with an inner cell mass.
  • Pluripotent, meaning they can create all different types of cells.
  • Treatment of the blastocyst with pronase and antibodies helps recover the inner cell mass.
  • Cultured to maintain undifferentiated characteristics.

iPSCs (Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells)

  • Adult somatic cells that are reprogrammed into a pluripotent state.
  • Re-programming is achieved using reprogramming factors (like Yamanaka factors: Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, c-Myc)
  • This method avoids ethical concerns related to embryonic stem cells.
  • Reprogrammed cells can be used to create disease models and to study disease mechanisms. They can also potentially be used for drug discovery.
  • They are also promising for regenerative medicine therapies.

Stem Cell Administration

  • Stem cells can be administered using different methods, including directly injecting them into specific areas (like the spinal canal, knee, hips, hand). The method chosen must be carefully considered.

Disease- or Patient-Specific Stem Cells

  • One significant advantage of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is that they can be tailored to specific diseases, offering unique research opportunities and treatment potential.
  • These disease-specific cell models are beneficial for understanding disease mechanisms and testing new drugs.

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Regenerative Medicine PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating field of regenerative medicine, focusing on methods to restore, repair, and replace damaged tissues and organs. This quiz covers key approaches such as cell therapy, gene therapy, and tissue engineering, as well as the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels of regeneration. Test your knowledge on the promising therapies for serious conditions, including cancer.

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