Questions and Answers
Which classes of medication are used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2? Select all that apply.
Which assessment data is most reliable for determining the effectiveness of treatment in clients living with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2?
Hemoglobin A1C (A1C)
Which class of medications is the first drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2?
Biguanides
Clients taking medication to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 share which primary treatment goal?
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What is the best response by the nurse for a client concerned about medication-related hypoglycemia when taking repaglinide?
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What role does the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) have in the digestion of complex carbohydrates?
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For each therapeutic effect, specify if it is associated with pramlintide (an amylin agonist) or liraglutide (an incretin mimetic).
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Which diabetes medication class is only administered by subcutaneous injection?
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What information should the nurse share with the client regarding the effectiveness of their diabetes medications?
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For each mechanism of action of diabetes drugs, specify its association with specific drugs.
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The capillary glucose of 166 mg/dL reflects the glucose in your body right now, while the eAG of 9.7% reflects that over the past three months was ________ mg/dL.
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What is the best response by the nurse to a client's frustration about their hemoglobin A1C not lowering?
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Match each generic medication name with its medication class.
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Study Notes
Classes of Diabetes Medications
- Common classes for Type 2 Diabetes include sulfonylureas, DPP-IV inhibitors, biguanides, GLP-1 agonists, and thiazolidinediones.
Treatment Goals
- The effectiveness of diabetes treatment is primarily assessed using Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) levels.
Initial Treatment
- Biguanides, specifically metformin, are typically the first-line medication for treating Type 2 Diabetes.
Primary Treatment Goal
- A key treatment aim for clients is to maintain an A1C level below 6.5%.
Repaglinide Guidance
- Repaglinide should be taken just before meals; clients with irregular eating habits can manage hypoglycemia by timing the medication accordingly.
Role of DPP-IV
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme is responsible for breaking down incretin hormones.
Therapeutic Effects of Amylin Agonists and Incretin Mimetics
- Pramlintide (Amylin Agonist): Delays gastric emptying, suppresses hepatic glucose production, increases satiety.
- Liraglutide (Incretin Mimetic): Delays gastric emptying, stimulates insulin secretion, increases satiety, decreases postprandial glucagon secretion.
Administration of Medications
- Incretin mimetics are exclusively administered via subcutaneous injection.
Understanding A1C Levels
- Hemoglobin A1C levels may take up to three months to reflect the impact of medication changes; changes in combination therapy can be beneficial.
Mechanism of Action of Diabetes Drugs
- Each diabetes drug has a unique mechanism:
- Sitagliptin: Blocks DPP-IV enzyme
- Repaglinide: Stimulates pancreatic beta cells to release insulin
- Actos (Pioglitazone): Enhances insulin receptor sensitivity
- Acarbose: Slows glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
- Empagliflozin: Inhibits glucose reabsorption in the kidneys
Estimated Average Glucose (eAG)
- A capillary glucose level of 166 mg/dL corresponds to an eAG of approximately 232 mg/dL over three months.
Therapeutic Response to Treatment
- A1C levels respond more slowly than daily capillary glucose readings; consistent management is encouraged for improvement.
Oral Diabetes Medications by Class
- Common oral medications include:
- Metformin: Biguanides
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinediones
- Acarbose: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- Glyburide: Sulfonylureas
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various classes of diabetes medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. This quiz covers definitions, treatment goals, and effectiveness assessment data. Perfect for pharmacy students and healthcare professionals.