Pharm Edapt: Diabetes Drugs Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which classes of medication are used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2? Select all that apply.

Sulfonylureas (correct)

Thiazolidinediones (correct)

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors (correct)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists (correct)

Biguanides (correct)

Which assessment data is most reliable for determining the effectiveness of treatment in clients living with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2?

Hemoglobin A1C (A1C)

Which class of medications is the first drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2?

Biguanides

Clients taking medication to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 share which primary treatment goal?

Hemoglobin A1C is less than 6.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the best response by the nurse for a client concerned about medication-related hypoglycemia when taking repaglinide?

"This medication works quickly and should be taken right before you eat. If you keep some with you, just take it 30 minutes before you eat." Signup and view all the answers

What role does the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) have in the digestion of complex carbohydrates?

Breaks down incretin Signup and view all the answers

For each therapeutic effect, specify if it is associated with pramlintide (an amylin agonist) or liraglutide (an incretin mimetic).

Delays gastric emptying = Pramlintide Suppresses hepatic glucose production = Pramlintide Increases satiety = Pramlintide Stimulates insulin secretion = Liraglutide Decreases postprandial glucagon secretion = Liraglutide Signup and view all the answers

Which diabetes medication class is only administered by subcutaneous injection?

Incretin mimetics Signup and view all the answers

What information should the nurse share with the client regarding the effectiveness of their diabetes medications?

"The new combination of medicines is helping. Your body is not using insulin effectively, so it will not help. The A1C changes take about three months to reflect the effects of the medicine." Signup and view all the answers

For each mechanism of action of diabetes drugs, specify its association with specific drugs.

Blocks the DPP-IV enzyme = Sitagliptin Stimulates pancreatic beta cells to release insulin = Repaglinide Enhances sensitivity of insulin receptors = Actos Slows glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract = Acarbose Inhibits reabsorption of glucose in the proximal renal tubules of the kidney = Empagliflozin Signup and view all the answers

The capillary glucose of 166 mg/dL reflects the glucose in your body right now, while the eAG of 9.7% reflects that over the past three months was ________ mg/dL.

232 Signup and view all the answers

What is the best response by the nurse to a client's frustration about their hemoglobin A1C not lowering?

"The A1C is slower to respond than the capillary glucose. Keep up your good work so it gets lower." Signup and view all the answers

Match each generic medication name with its medication class.

Biguanides = Metformin Thiazolidinediones = Pioglitazone Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors = Acarbose Sulfonylureas = Glyburide Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classes of Diabetes Medications

Common classes for Type 2 Diabetes include sulfonylureas, DPP-IV inhibitors, biguanides, GLP-1 agonists, and thiazolidinediones.

Treatment Goals

The effectiveness of diabetes treatment is primarily assessed using Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) levels.

Initial Treatment

Biguanides, specifically metformin, are typically the first-line medication for treating Type 2 Diabetes.

Primary Treatment Goal

A key treatment aim for clients is to maintain an A1C level below 6.5%.

Repaglinide Guidance

Repaglinide should be taken just before meals; clients with irregular eating habits can manage hypoglycemia by timing the medication accordingly.

Role of DPP-IV

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme is responsible for breaking down incretin hormones.

Therapeutic Effects of Amylin Agonists and Incretin Mimetics

Pramlintide (Amylin Agonist): Delays gastric emptying, suppresses hepatic glucose production, increases satiety.
Liraglutide (Incretin Mimetic): Delays gastric emptying, stimulates insulin secretion, increases satiety, decreases postprandial glucagon secretion.

Administration of Medications

Incretin mimetics are exclusively administered via subcutaneous injection.

Understanding A1C Levels

Hemoglobin A1C levels may take up to three months to reflect the impact of medication changes; changes in combination therapy can be beneficial.

Mechanism of Action of Diabetes Drugs

Each diabetes drug has a unique mechanism:
- Sitagliptin: Blocks DPP-IV enzyme
- Repaglinide: Stimulates pancreatic beta cells to release insulin
- Actos (Pioglitazone): Enhances insulin receptor sensitivity
- Acarbose: Slows glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
- Empagliflozin: Inhibits glucose reabsorption in the kidneys

Estimated Average Glucose (eAG)

A capillary glucose level of 166 mg/dL corresponds to an eAG of approximately 232 mg/dL over three months.

Therapeutic Response to Treatment

A1C levels respond more slowly than daily capillary glucose readings; consistent management is encouraged for improvement.

Oral Diabetes Medications by Class

Common oral medications include:
- Metformin: Biguanides
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinediones
- Acarbose: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- Glyburide: Sulfonylureas

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Description

Test your knowledge on the various classes of diabetes medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. This quiz covers definitions, treatment goals, and effectiveness assessment data. Perfect for pharmacy students and healthcare professionals.