PHAK Chapter 8 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is static pressure?

  • Pressure measured at sea level
  • Pressure due to motion
  • Ambient pressure always present whether aircraft is moving or not (correct)
  • Pressure present only when aircraft is moving

What is dynamic pressure?

  • Pressure present only when aircraft is moving (correct)
  • Pressure present only when aircraft is stationary
  • Pressure due to atmospheric conditions
  • Ambient pressure in the local area

What instrument measures the height of an aircraft above a given pressure level?

Altimeter

What is a Kohl's window?

<p>Barometric pressure window of the altimeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when flying from high to low pressure without changing altitude?

<p>The indicated altitude will be lower than the actual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated altitude?

<p>Read directly from the altimeter when set to current alt setting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true altitude?

<p>Vertical distance of aircraft above sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does absolute altitude measure?

<p>Vertical distance of aircraft above the terrain or above ground level (AGL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pressure altitude?

<p>Altitude when alt setting window is adjusted to 29.92 'Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is density altitude?

<p>Pressure altitude corrected for variations from standard temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does VSI stand for?

<p>Vertical Speed Indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ASI measure?

<p>Differential pressure gauge that indicates difference between pitot and static pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated airspeed?

<p>Speed shown on the aircraft airspeed indicator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is calibrated airspeed?

<p>Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument error</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true airspeed?

<p>Airspeed accounted for temperature and atmospheric pressure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groundspeed?

<p>Speed over ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the white arc indicate?

<p>Flap operating range</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lower limit of the white arc (Vso)?

<p>The stall speed in landing configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper limit of the white arc (Vfe)?

<p>Maximum speed with flaps extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the green arc represent?

<p>Normal operating range</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lower limit of the green arc (Vs1)?

<p>The stall speed in a specified configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the upper limit of the green arc (Vn0) indicate?

<p>Maximum structural cruising speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the yellow arc signify?

<p>Caution range</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the red line (Vne)?

<p>Never-exceed speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is design maneuvering speed (Va)?

<p>Maximum speed for full abrupt control movement without overstressing the airframe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is landing gear operating speed (Vlo)?

<p>Maximum speed for extending or retracting the landing gear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is landing gear extended speed (Vle)?

<p>Maximum speed at which aircraft can safely fly with landing gear extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is best angle of climb speed (Vx)?

<p>Airspeed at which aircraft gains greatest altitude in a given distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is best rate of climb speed (Vy)?

<p>Airspeed that provides the most altitude gain in a given period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is single engine best rate of climb (Vyse)?

<p>Best rate of climb or minimum rate of sink in a light twin engine aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Static Pressure

Pressure present regardless of the aircraft's motion. It reflects the local barometric pressure.

Dynamic Pressure

Pressure that exists only when the aircraft is in motion. It's directly related to the aircraft's speed.

Altimeter

Instrument that measures an aircraft's height above a specific pressure level.

Kohl's Window

The pressure setting on the altimeter.

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High to Low Altitude Change

When transitioning from an area of high air pressure to low air pressure while maintaining the same indicated altitude, the actual altitude is lower than displayed.

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Hot to Cold Altitude Change

When transitioning from warm air to cold air while maintaining the same indicated altitude, the actual altitude is lower than displayed.

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Indicated Altitude

The altitude displayed on your altimeter when set correctly.

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True Altitude

The actual vertical distance of the aircraft above mean sea level.

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Absolute Altitude

The vertical distance of the aircraft above the ground.

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Pressure Altitude

The altitude displayed when the altimeter is set to 29.92 inches of mercury (inHg).

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Density Altitude

Pressure altitude adjusted for temperature variations. Higher temperatures mean higher density altitude.

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VSI (Vertical Speed Indicator)

Instrument that indicates whether the aircraft is climbing, descending, or in level flight. Measured in feet per minute (fpm).

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ASI (Airspeed Indicator)

Measures and displays the difference between pitot and static pressures. Uses both systems for accurate airspeed readings.

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Indicated Airspeed

The speed displayed on the ASI.

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Calibrated Airspeed

Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument errors.

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True Airspeed

Airspeed corrected for temperature and pressure variations. It's the actual speed the aircraft is traveling through the airmass.

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Groundspeed

The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground. It's calculated by adjusting true airspeed for wind.

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White Arc

Speed range on the airspeed indicator where flap operation is permitted.

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Vso

The lower limit of the white arc. It represents the stall speed in the landing configuration.

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Vfe

The upper limit of the white arc. It represents the maximum speed with flaps extended.

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Green Arc

The speed range on the airspeed indicator for normal aircraft operation.

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Vs1

The lower limit of the green arc. It represents the stall speed at maximum takeoff weight in a clean configuration.

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Vn0

The upper limit of the green arc. It represents the maximum structural cruising speed.

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Yellow Arc

The speed range on the airspeed indicator where caution is advised. Only recommended in smooth air.

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Vne

The red line on the airspeed indicator. Never exceed this speed as structural damage or failure may occur.

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Va (Design Maneuvering Speed)

The maximum speed that allows for full control movement without stressing the aircraft's structure.

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Vlo (Landing Gear Operating Speed)

Maximum speed for safe extension or retraction of the landing gear on retractable gear aircraft.

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Vle (Landing Gear Extended Speed)

The maximum speed for flying safely with the landing gear extended.

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Vx (Best Angle of Climb Speed)

The speed that provides the greatest gain in altitude for a given distance.

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Vy (Best Rate of Climb Speed)

The speed that provides the maximum altitude gain over a specific time.

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Vyse (Single Engine Best Rate of Climb)

The optimized climb rate or minimum sink rate for a light twin-engine aircraft when flying on one engine.

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Study Notes

Static and Dynamic Pressure

  • Static Pressure: Ambient pressure present irrespective of the aircraft's movement; represents local barometric pressure.
  • Dynamic Pressure: Exists only when the aircraft is in motion; associated with the aircraft's speed.
  • Altimeter: Measures the height of the aircraft above a specified pressure level.
  • Kohl's Window: Refers to the barometric pressure window setting of the altimeter.

Altitude Changes

  • Transitioning from high to low pressure while maintaining altitude indicates the actual altitude is lower than displayed; warn: "Going from a high to a low, look out below."
  • Transitioning from warm to cold air without changing altitude also requires caution; caution: "From hot to cold, look out below."

Types of Altitude

  • Indicated Altitude: Directly read from the altimeter when set correctly.
  • True Altitude: Actual vertical distance above sea level.
  • Absolute Altitude: Vertical distance above terrain (AGL).
  • Pressure Altitude: Altitude when altimeter is adjusted to 29.92 inHg.
  • Density Altitude: Pressure altitude adjusted for temperature variations; higher temperatures lead to a higher density altitude.

Indicators and Instrumentation

  • VSI (Vertical Speed Indicator): Shows whether the aircraft is climbing, descending, or in level flight; measured in feet per minute (fpm).
  • ASI (Airspeed Indicator): Measures and displays the difference between pitot and static pressures; uses both systems for accurate readings.

Airspeed Definitions

  • Indicated Airspeed: Speed as displayed on the ASI.
  • Calibrated Airspeed: Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument errors, prominent at lower speeds.
  • True Airspeed: Calculated airspeed corrected for temperature and pressure variations.
  • Groundspeed: Speed over the ground, calculated as true airspeed adjusted for wind.

Flap Operating and Speed Ranges

  • White Arc: Indicates the flap operating range.
  • Lower Limit of White Arc (Vso): Stall speed in the landing configuration; power-off stall at maximum landing weight.
  • Upper Limit of White Arc (Vfe): Maximum speed with flaps extended.
  • Green Arc: Represents normal operating range.
  • Lower Limit of Green Arc (Vs1): Stall speed at maximum takeoff weight in a clean configuration.
  • Upper Limit of Green Arc (Vn0): Maximum structural cruising speed; do not exceed in turbulent air.
  • Yellow Arc: Caution range; recommended only in smooth air.
  • Red Line (Vne): Never-exceed speed; flights above this risk structural failure.

Control and Landing Speed

  • Design Maneuvering Speed (Va): Max speed allowing full control movement without stressing the airframe.
  • Landing Gear Operating Speed (Vlo): Maximum speed for safe gear extension/retraction on retractable gear aircraft.
  • Landing Gear Extended Speed (Vle): Max speed for flying safely with the landing gear extended.

Climb Speeds

  • Best Angle of Climb Speed (Vx): Speed for achieving maximum altitude over a given distance.
  • Best Rate of Climb Speed (Vy): Speed for maximum altitude gain over a specified time.
  • Single Engine Best Rate of Climb (Vyse): Optimized rate of climb or minimal sink rate for light twin-engine aircraft.

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Test your knowledge of Chapter 8 from the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK) with these flashcards. Each card covers key terms such as static pressure, dynamic pressure, and altimeters essential for understanding aviation concepts. Perfect for students and aviation enthusiasts alike!

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