PHAK Chapter 16: Navigation Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

How do VORs work?

Straight line radio projections (radials) in all directions referencing magnetic north, restricted by line-of-sight.

What are the three types of VFR aeronautical charts?

  • Sectional
  • VFR Terminal Area
  • World Aeronautical
  • All of the above (correct)

What are Sectional Charts?

They contain all of the basic information for airport data, navigational aids, airspace, topography, and ATC frequencies.

What are World Aeronautical Charts?

<p>Charts that cover land areas of the world for moderate speed aircraft, similar to sectional charts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lines of Latitude?

<p>Lines that run from east to west but measure distance north and south of the equator, measured from 0 degrees (Equator) to 90 degrees (Poles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lines of Longitude?

<p>North and south imaginary lines that are also called meridians, measured east and west to 108 degrees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the degree separation of Longitude for time zones?

<p>15 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is True North?

<p>A line from any point on the earth's surface to the north pole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Magnetic North?

<p>The direction to the north magnetic pole, as indicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic instrument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Magnetic Variation?

<p>The angular difference between the location of true north and magnetic north.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Magnetic Course?

<p>A course heading after magnetic variation has been added or subtracted from a true course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Magnetic Deviation?

<p>Due to magnetic influences within the airplane, the compass needle is frequently deflected from its normal reading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "Swinging the Compass" mean?

<p>Compensation for magnetic deviation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Compass Heading?

<p>Magnetic heading correction for deviation caused by electrical systems in the aircraft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Track?

<p>The actual path across the ground that the aircraft follows independent of the true course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method for determining compass heading?

<p>True heading plus or minus variation equals magnetic heading; then magnetic heading plus or minus deviation equals compass heading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you find time in flight?

<p>Distance divided by ground speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you find distance flown?

<p>Ground speed multiplied by time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you find ground speed?

<p>Distance divided by time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate the needed fuel for a flight?

<p>Flight time multiplied by rate of consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pilotage?

<p>Navigation by correlation of features on the ground with features on the map.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dead reckoning?

<p>Navigation by the computation of time, distance, and heading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the logical order of flight planning.

<ol> <li>Determine altitude 2. Measure total distance 3. Measure true heading to get compass heading (needs wind correction angle, variation, and deviation) 4. Determine ground speed 5. Determine time 6. Determine fuel burn.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three radio navigation systems available for VFR navigation?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of VOR?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range)

Radio navigation system emitting signals in 360 degrees, providing bearings from the station to the aircraft.

VOR Radials

Straight-line radio projections emitted from a VOR station, representing bearings from the station to the aircraft.

VOR Range Limitations

Line-of-sight limitations affecting the maximum range a VOR signal can be received.

Sectional Charts

Aeronautical charts designed for low-altitude flying, providing detailed information about airports, navigational aids, airspace, topography, and ATC frequencies.

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World Aeronautical Charts

Aeronautical charts designed for international use, covering large land areas suitable for moderate-speed aircraft.

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Latitude Lines

Imaginary lines running east to west, measuring distance north and south from the equator.

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Longitude Lines (Meridians)

Imaginary lines running north to south, measuring distance east and west, extending up to 180 degrees.

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Time Zones

Differences in time between various regions due to longitude differences, with each zone representing a 15-degree section of longitude.

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True North

A line from any point on Earth to the North Pole, represented by all lines of longitude.

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Magnetic North

Direction to the north magnetic pole, indicated by a line with a half arrowhead.

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Magnetic Variation

Angular difference between True North and Magnetic North, indicated by a compass rose.

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Magnetic Course

Heading adjusted for magnetic variation, representing the intended course.

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Magnetic Deviation

Compass needle readings affected by magnetic influences within the aircraft, causing errors in readings.

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Swinging the Compass

Process of adjusting the compass for Magnetic Deviation, ensuring accurate compass readings.

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Compass Heading

The magnetic heading adjusted for deviation caused by aircraft electrical systems.

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Track

The actual path of the aircraft over the ground, independent of the intended true course.

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Compass Heading Calculation

Calculation of the magnetic heading adjusted by Variation and Deviation, providing the aircraft's course heading.

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Flight Time Calculation

Calculation of flight time using Distance divided by Ground Speed (GS).

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Distance Calculation

Distance traveled by the aircraft, calculated by multiplying Ground Speed (GS) by time.

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Ground Speed (GS)

Speed of the aircraft over the ground, calculated as Distance divided by time.

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Fuel Calculation

Estimation of fuel required for a flight by multiplying flight time by the fuel consumption rate.

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Pilotage

Navigation method involving correlating ground features with their map counterparts.

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Dead Reckoning

Navigation method based on time, distance, and heading calculations, without relying on external references.

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Flight Planning Order

A logical sequence for flight planning, involving determining altitude, distance, heading, ground speed, time, and fuel burn.

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Study Notes

VOR Functionality

  • VORs operate using straight-line radio projections (radials) radiating in all directions, referencing Magnetic North.
  • Line-of-sight limitations affect the effective range of VORs.

Types of VFR Aeronautical Charts

  • Three main types are Sectional, VFR Terminal Area, and World Aeronautical Charts.

Sectional Charts

  • Provide essential information about airports, navigational aids, airspace classifications, topography, and ATC frequencies.

World Aeronautical Charts

  • Cover global land areas suitable for moderate-speed aircraft.
  • Similar in function to sectional charts but designed for international use.

Latitude and Longitude

  • Latitude lines run east to west, measuring distance north and south from the equator, ranging from 0 degrees at the equator to 90 degrees at the poles.
  • Longitude lines, also known as meridians, run north to south and measure east and west, extending up to 180 degrees.

Time Zone Calculations

  • Longitude degree separation impacts time zones, with each zone representing a 15-degree section of longitude.

True North vs. Magnetic North

  • True North is a line from any point on Earth to the North Pole, with all lines of longitude representing true north.
  • Magnetic North indicates the direction to the north magnetic pole, represented by a line with half an arrowhead.

Magnetic Variation and Course

  • Magnetic Variation is the angular difference between True North and Magnetic North.
  • Magnetic Course represents a heading after adjusting for magnetic variations from a true course.

Magnetic Deviation

  • Magnetic Deviation occurs when the compass needle's reading is affected by magnetic influences within the aircraft, leading to inaccuracies.

Compass Terms

  • "Swinging the Compass" involves compensating for Magnetic Deviation.
  • Compass Heading is the magnetic heading adjusted for deviation caused by aircraft electrical systems.

Flight Navigation Terms

  • Track is the actual path of the aircraft over the ground, independent of the intended true course.
  • Compass Heading calculation involves True Heading adjusted by Variation and Deviation.

Flight Time and Distance Calculations

  • Time in flight can be calculated using Distance divided by Ground Speed (GS).
  • Distance flown is determined by multiplying Ground Speed (GS) by time.
  • Ground Speed (GS) is calculated as Distance divided by time.

Fuel Calculation

  • Required fuel for a flight is estimated by multiplying flight time by the fuel consumption rate.

Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

  • Pilotage involves navigating by correlating ground features with their map counterparts.
  • Dead Reckoning is navigation based on time, distance, and heading calculations.

Logical Order of Flight Planning

  • Determine altitude, measure total distance, calculate True Heading to derivation of Course Heading (considering Wind Correction Angle, Variation, and Deviation), determine Ground Speed, calculate Time, and estimate fuel burn.

Radio Navigation Systems for VFR

  • Three available systems include VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR), Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB), and Global Positioning System (GPS).

Classes of VOR

  • VOR systems are classified into three classes:
    • T for Terminal
    • L for Low Altitude
    • H for High Altitude.

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Test your knowledge of navigation concepts with these flashcards from PHAK Chapter 16. Explore VOR operations, VFR aeronautical charts, and the details of sectional charts. Perfect for aviation students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of navigation.

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