Questions and Answers
How do VORs work?
Straight line radio projections (radials) in all directions referencing magnetic north, restricted by line-of-sight.
What are the three types of VFR aeronautical charts?
What are Sectional Charts?
They contain all of the basic information for airport data, navigational aids, airspace, topography, and ATC frequencies.
What are World Aeronautical Charts?
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What are lines of Latitude?
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What are lines of Longitude?
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What is the degree separation of Longitude for time zones?
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What is True North?
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What is Magnetic North?
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What is Magnetic Variation?
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What is Magnetic Course?
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What is Magnetic Deviation?
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What does "Swinging the Compass" mean?
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What is Compass Heading?
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What is the Track?
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What is the method for determining compass heading?
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How do you find time in flight?
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How do you find distance flown?
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How do you find ground speed?
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How do you calculate the needed fuel for a flight?
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What is pilotage?
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What is dead reckoning?
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List the logical order of flight planning.
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What are the three radio navigation systems available for VFR navigation?
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What are the three classes of VOR?
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Study Notes
VOR Functionality
- VORs operate using straight-line radio projections (radials) radiating in all directions, referencing Magnetic North.
- Line-of-sight limitations affect the effective range of VORs.
Types of VFR Aeronautical Charts
- Three main types are Sectional, VFR Terminal Area, and World Aeronautical Charts.
Sectional Charts
- Provide essential information about airports, navigational aids, airspace classifications, topography, and ATC frequencies.
World Aeronautical Charts
- Cover global land areas suitable for moderate-speed aircraft.
- Similar in function to sectional charts but designed for international use.
Latitude and Longitude
- Latitude lines run east to west, measuring distance north and south from the equator, ranging from 0 degrees at the equator to 90 degrees at the poles.
- Longitude lines, also known as meridians, run north to south and measure east and west, extending up to 180 degrees.
Time Zone Calculations
- Longitude degree separation impacts time zones, with each zone representing a 15-degree section of longitude.
True North vs. Magnetic North
- True North is a line from any point on Earth to the North Pole, with all lines of longitude representing true north.
- Magnetic North indicates the direction to the north magnetic pole, represented by a line with half an arrowhead.
Magnetic Variation and Course
- Magnetic Variation is the angular difference between True North and Magnetic North.
- Magnetic Course represents a heading after adjusting for magnetic variations from a true course.
Magnetic Deviation
- Magnetic Deviation occurs when the compass needle's reading is affected by magnetic influences within the aircraft, leading to inaccuracies.
Compass Terms
- "Swinging the Compass" involves compensating for Magnetic Deviation.
- Compass Heading is the magnetic heading adjusted for deviation caused by aircraft electrical systems.
Flight Navigation Terms
- Track is the actual path of the aircraft over the ground, independent of the intended true course.
- Compass Heading calculation involves True Heading adjusted by Variation and Deviation.
Flight Time and Distance Calculations
- Time in flight can be calculated using Distance divided by Ground Speed (GS).
- Distance flown is determined by multiplying Ground Speed (GS) by time.
- Ground Speed (GS) is calculated as Distance divided by time.
Fuel Calculation
- Required fuel for a flight is estimated by multiplying flight time by the fuel consumption rate.
Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
- Pilotage involves navigating by correlating ground features with their map counterparts.
- Dead Reckoning is navigation based on time, distance, and heading calculations.
Logical Order of Flight Planning
- Determine altitude, measure total distance, calculate True Heading to derivation of Course Heading (considering Wind Correction Angle, Variation, and Deviation), determine Ground Speed, calculate Time, and estimate fuel burn.
Radio Navigation Systems for VFR
- Three available systems include VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR), Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB), and Global Positioning System (GPS).
Classes of VOR
- VOR systems are classified into three classes:
- T for Terminal
- L for Low Altitude
- H for High Altitude.
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Description
Test your knowledge of navigation concepts with these flashcards from PHAK Chapter 16. Explore VOR operations, VFR aeronautical charts, and the details of sectional charts. Perfect for aviation students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of navigation.